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Chapter 13Understanding Windows
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
OverviewIn this chapter, you will learn to
Explain the Windows interface
Identify the features and characteristics of Windows 2000 and Windows XP
Describe the current versions of Windows
EssentialsCompTIA A+Essentials
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Windows InterfaceAll versions share common look and feel
Utilities same or similar
GUI works the same
Command-line interface has similar commands
Master one, and you’re well on your way to mastering them all
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User InterfaceLogin
Every version of Windows supports multiple users
Requiring a user login increases security
DesktopPrimary interface to the computer
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User InterfaceTaskbar and Start menu
Runs along the bottom of the desktop and includes up to four sectionsStart menu allows access to the installed programsSystem tray shows programs running in the backgroundQuick Launch enables you to launch often-used programs
with a single click
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User InterfaceMy Computer
Provides access to drives, folders, and files
Customizable: Can display different views, show hidden files, hide file extensions, and more
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User InterfaceWindows Explorer
Another utility for accessing drives, folders, and files
My DocumentsMy Pictures, My Music, My Videos
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User InterfaceRecycle Bin
Deleted files sent to Recycle BinCan retrieve them if desiredSize can be adjusted
My Network PlacesShows the current network
connections available
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Hot KeysWorking with text
F1 HelpF2 RenameF3 Search MenuF4 Open the Address
BarF5 Refresh current
windowF10 Activate menu bar
options
CTRL-C CopyCTRL-X CutCTRL-V PasteCTRL-Z UndoCTRL-B BoldCTRL-U UnderlineCTRL-I Italic
• Function keys
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Hot KeysPopular hot keys
CTRL-ESC Open Start menuALT-TAB Switch between open programsALT-F4 Quit programCTRL-Z Undo the last commandCTRL-A Select all the items in the current windowSHIFT-DELETE
Delete item permanently
SHIFT-F10 Open shortcut menuSHIFT Bypass Autorun for CDsALT-SPACE Display system menuALT-ENTER Open propertiesCTRL-SHIFT-ESC
Launch Task Manager
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Hot KeysWindows key shortcuts
Open Start menu-R Open Run command-BREAK Open system properties-D Show desktop-M Minimize all windows-E Open My Computer-L Lock computer-F Search for file or menu
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Tech Utilities: Right-Click Also called:
Alt menuContext menu
Works almost everywhere
Properties selection very common
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Tech Utilities: Control Panel Handles maintenance, upgrade, and
configuration aspects of Windows
Start | Settings | Control Panel
Contains many mini-programs, called applets
Any icon in the Control Panel is a file with a CPL extension If Control Panel won’t start, one of these is probably
corrupt—rename each one until you find the bad one
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Tech Utilities: Control Panel• Category view • Classic view
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Tech Utilities: Device Manager Device Manager
Used to configure hardware and drivers
Devices are organized in special groups called types
Access throughSystem applet in Control PanelProperties of My Computer -BreakComputer Management
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Tech Utilities: Device Manager Device Manager
Used to configure hardware and drivers
Access throughSystem applet in Control PanelProperties of My Computer -BreakComputer Management
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Tech Utilities: Device Manager Device Manager
Devices are organized in special groups called types
Problems identified with red “X” or a yellow exclamation point
Can also update drivers here
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Tech Utilities: System ToolsSystem Tools is a collection of tech utilities
found on the Start menuStart | Programs | Accessories | System Tools
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Tech Utilities: Command LineCommand line
Start | Run | cmdNot DOSDOS is dead, but CLI thrives
IT TechnicianCompTIA A+Technician
IT Technician
Microsoft Management Console
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Tech Utilities: MMCMicrosoft Management Console (MMC)
Shell program - holds utilities called snap-insStart | Run | mmcStarts with blank console
Add snap-ins: File | Add/Remove Snap-ins | AddSave the new customized console you created
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Tech Utilities: Administrative ToolsAdministrative Tools
A folder that holds many predefined MMC consoles built by Microsoft
Control Panel | Administrative ToolsThe three most used
Administrative Tools areComputer ManagementEvent ViewerPerformance
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Tech Utilities: Computer ManagementComputer Management
A predefined MMC that pulls together snap-ins related to many computer management options
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Tech Utilities: Event ViewerEvent Viewer
Keeps track of events that happen with your computer
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Tech Utilities: PerformancePerformance
System Monitor shows real-time dataPerformance Logs and Alerts—captured data
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ServicesServices
Separate programs that handle functions in Windows
Double-click any service to examine its properties and settings
Services startAutomaticallyManuallyMay be disabled
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OS FoldersSystem folder
Folder where the OS files were installed%systemroot%
Typically C:\Windows in XP, C:\Winnt in 2000
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Other Important FoldersC:\Program Files
C:\Documents and Settings
C:\WINNT
C:\WINNT\FONTS
C:\WINNT\SYSTEM32
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What Is the Registry?Registry
A unified database Stores all hardware and software configuration info for the local computer
Data stored in Registry files called hives
In %SystemRoot%\System32\Config folder
Rarely modify directly
Instead modify via Control Panel or other administrative tools
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Registry EditorsRegedit
Older version—Allowed easy searchesRegedt32
Newer version—better for modifying Registry
Combined version in XP and Vista
When using the Registry Editors, be very careful!Does not recognize syntax or semantic errorsMay prevent your operating system from
loading
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REGEDIT
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Registry Editors• REGEDIT in
Windows 2000
• Regedt32 in Windows 2000
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Combined in XPTyping Regedit or Regedt32 launches same
program in XP
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Registry ComponentsHKEY_CLASSES_ROOT Defines standard
class objects
HKEY_CURRENT_USER Personalized information for current user
HKEY_USERS Generalized information for all users
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE General hardware configuration info
HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG Hardware information for this boot
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Swap File or Page File All versions of Windows use virtual memory
Also known as RAM cache
Windows swap files are used to implement virtual memory
Allows the system to work as though it has more memory than it doesUses drive for extra memory
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Virtual MemoryMore programs
More RAM
At some pointno more physical RAM available
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Virtual MemoryPrograms swapped out
of RAM to hard drive
New programs can nowbe run in physical RAM
Features and Characteristics of Windows NT/2000/XP
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OS OrganizationWindows operating system separated into
different components
The subsystems
The NT Executive
The drivers
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Robust, scalable, cross-platformRobust
Separates processes and runs them in different subsystems
One program bug doesn’t affect othersCross-platform
Uses object-oriented approach Designed to support multiple platforms by
using HALAbstracts (separates) differences in hardware
ScalableSupports symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) Allows support for up to 32 CPUs
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NT File System (NTFS)Robust and powerful
Long filenames containing up to 255 characters
Redundancy Advanced FAT called the master file table (MFT)
Backward-compatible with DOS and Windows 9x
Recoverability Uses transaction logging to survive accidental shutdowns
Security Allows file and folder security
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NTFS Security OverviewImplemented with
Users, groups, permissions
Files and folders can be restrictedPermissions granted to user or groupUser can gain access based on own user
accountUser can gain access based on group
membership
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NTFS SecurityAccounts
Every user has an accountWithout an account, can’t log on
Every Windows NT/2000 PC has an Administrator account that has full access to everything
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NTFS SecurityGroups
A group is a collection of user accounts that share the same access capabilities
Assign access to a group and then put users into the group
Users will inherit the access assigned to the group
Windows provides several built-in groups
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Built-in GroupsAdministrators
May perform all administrative tasks on the computer
Backup OperatorsMay use Windows
BackupGuests
May perform only specific tasks that are granted
Guest account is a member
Power UsersMay create and modify
local user accounts and share resources on the local computer
ReplicatorSupports file replication
in a domainUsers
May perform only tasks specifically assigned
Local user accounts that are created become members
Everyone
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NTFS PermissionsNTFS permissions in 2000/XP
Lists users and groups granted access to a file or folder
Lists the specific level of access allowed
Available only on volumes formatted as NTFS (Security tab)
NTFS security is effective whether a user Gains access at the computerGains access over the network
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NTFS Special PermissionsOwnership
When you create a new file or folder you become the owner
Owners have full controlOwners can change permissions
Take Ownership permissionEnables a user to take ownership of a file or folderAdministrator account can take ownership of any
files
Change PermissionCan give or take away permissions for other
accounts
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NTFS Standard PermissionsFolder permissions
Apply to folders
File permissionsApply to files
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NTFS Folder PermissionsFull Control
Enables you to do anything you wantTo deny all access, deny Full Control
ModifyCannot delete files or subfolders but may
modify them
Read & ExecuteEnables read files and run programs
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NTFS Folder PermissionsList Folder Contents
Enables you to see the contents of the folder and subfolders
ReadEnables you to read any files in the folder
WriteEnables you to write to files and create new
files and folders
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NTFS Folder Permissions• By default,
permissions are inherited from parent folders
– This may be prevented by removing the check mark at the bottom
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NTFS File PermissionsFull Control
Enables you to do anythingModify
Enables you to do anything except take ownership or change permissions
Read & ExecuteIf the file is a program, you can run it
ReadIf the file is data, you can read it
WriteEnables you to write to the file
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Combining PermissionsUser’s effective permissions are the cumulative
permissions resulting from a combination of user and group permissions.
Sally is in Administrator group
Sally has Read permission on a folder
Administrator has Full Control on the folder
Sally’s effective permission is Full ControlCumulative from Full Control and Read
Deny permission overrides all other permissions. Deny always becomes the effective permission.
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The Boot ProcessNT Loader manages the booting process
Windows 2000/XP boot files that must be in the root directory of the system partition are NTLDR (NT Loader) BOOT.INI NTDETECT.COM NTBOOTDD.SYS (only needed for SCSI controllers that don’t
have their own ROM BIOS)
System Partition Active partition (typically C: drive)
Boot Partition Where OS files located (X:\Windows on XP)
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The Boot ProcessAfter POST, BIOS looks for valid OS in the
boot sector
MFT (on boot sector) points to system files
NTOSKRNL loads device drivers and loads system files
System files (NTLODR, NTDETECT, BOOT.INI) start the PC and point to boot files
GUI starts to load
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Boot Files: NTLDRNTLDR (NT Loader) manages the boot-up
process until control is handed over to NTOSKRL (NT kernel)
To find available operating systems, NTLDR reads the boot.ini file
If multiple OSs are available, a menu shows up
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Boot Files: BOOT.INIBOOT.INI is a text file that lists the available
OSs and where to find the boot partition
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More Boot FilesBOOTSEC.DOS is read by NTLDR if it finds a
different OS to load
NTDETECT.COM detects the hardware if you choose to boot to NT/2000/XP
NTBOOTDD.SYS is used if NTLDR detects that the boot partition resides on a SCSI drive that lacks a ROM chip for BIOS support
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Windows VersionsWindows comes in families
Different versions targeted at different market segments
Windows 2000 familyWindows 2000 Professional (desktop)Windows 2000 Server
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Windows XP FamilyXP Professional
Fully functional versionIntended for corporate users
XP HomeDesigned for home and small office useMany unneeded features not available
XP Media CenterSame as XP Home with additional media
features
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Windows 64-Bit VersionsWindows XP 64-bit Edition
Runs only on Intel Itanium processors
Windows XP Professional x64 EditionRuns on any AMD or Intel processor that
supports both 32 bits and 64 bits
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Windows VistaWindows Vista Home Basic
Similar to XP HomeWindows Vista Home Premium
Similar to XP Media CenterWindows Business
Basic Business version similar to XP ProfessionalWindows Vista Enterprise
Available only to large corporate buyers Windows Vista Ultimate
Includes all features of any versionAdds some features such as game performance
“tweaker” and DVD ripping
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Other WindowsWindows Mobile
PDAs and phones
Windows XP Tablet PCLaptop with a touch screen
Windows EmbeddedOS embedded into devices
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