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Chapter 15Maintaining and Troubleshooting
Windows 2000 and XP
MELJUN CORTESMELJUN CORTES
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Overview
In this chapter, you will learn to
Maintain Windows 2000/XP
Optimize Windows 2000/XP
Troubleshoot Windows 2000/XP
Maintaining WindowsCompTIA A+Essentials
Essentials
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Patches, Updates, Service Packs Windows updated regularly
Flaws, bugs, program errors found and corrected
Windows UpdateAllows automatic
updating of systemsover Internet
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Automatic UpdatesAutomatic (recommended)
Updates downloaded and installed automatically
Download updates for meUpdates downloaded but not installed
automatically
Notify meUser notified when updates are available
Turn off Automatic UpdatesNo automatic updates
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User Accounts and GroupsUser account needed to log on to system
Only account after install is Administrator
Groups used to assign rights and permissions to groups of users
Two groups created by defaultAdministratorsGuests (disabled by default)
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Users and Passwords (2000)Force user logon
Users must enter a user name and password
Administrator accountNot recommended for
regular useAdditional account created
for regular use
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Create New Users (2000)Access Users and Passwords applet from
Control PanelCreates user name and passwordCan add users to groupsStandard Users—Power Users group
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Managing Users in XPUsers and Passwords applet in
Control PanelSimilar to Users and
Passwords in 2000
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Managing Users in XPTwo possible logon screens
User name and Password boxesWelcome screen
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Managing Users in XPAccount types
Computer administrator (member of administrators group)
Limited account (member of local users group)
Accounts can be changed
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Fast User Switching
Allows users to switch between sessionsOne user doesn’t need to log off while
another user logs on
Both sessions active (though only one visible at a time)
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Password SecurityNever give out passwords over the phone
Use strong passwordsAt least 6 to 8 charactersInclude letters (both cases), numbers, symbols
Change passwords at regular intervals
Don’t write down passwords
Password reset disk can be used in XP
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Resetting Forgotten Passwords in Windows XPWindows XP allows the currently logged-on
user to create a password reset diskUse if the password is forgottenCan access any encrypted files after resetting
passwordIf an administrator resets your password, you’d
lose access to encrypted filesUser Accounts: in Control Panel, select your user
account, choose Prevent a Forgotten Password under Related Tasks and follow the wizard
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved
Disk MaintenanceWhen troubleshooting OS,
remember basic disk toolsError-checkingDisk Defragmenter
Disk CleanupHelps clean out junk files
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MaintenanceRegistry maintenance
Registry can get bloatedOlder tool from Microsoft named RegCleanNot updated for 2000/XPCan use third-party tool such as EasyCleaner
by ToniArts
SecuritySpyware/anti-virus/firewallIntegral part of computing todayCovered in more depth in Chapter 23
Optimizing Windows
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Installing or Removing SoftwareInstalling software
Most programs are distributed on CD-ROMs that make use of the Autorun feature
Or you could use the Add/Remove Programs icon in Control Panel
Removing softwareUse the uninstall option that is part of the
programOr go to Control Panel’s Add/Remove
Software applet
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Add/Remove ProgramsUninstall option
Control Panel
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Windows ComponentsMiscellaneous components can be installed
or uninstalledAccess from Add/Remove Programs
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Installing/Optimizing a DeviceSame in 2000 and XP
Driver UpdatesCan use Windows
Updates
Must use Custom option
Or check manufacturer Web site
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Driver SigningProcess of testing and verifying drivers
Windows Hardware Quality LabTests driversIssues digital signatures
Signed drivers“Designed for Windows 2000”“Designed for Windows XP”
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Unsigned DriversMany manufacturers issue drivers that
have not been tested & signed by MSWhen detected during a hardware install,
you’ll get the message shownCan choose Driver Signing Options
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Device Manager Can roll back faulty driver
1. Original driver installed2. Driver updated (with faulty driver)3. Driver can be rolled back to original
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Adding a New DeviceWindows usually automatically detects new
devices
If not, use the Add Hardware Wizard From Control Panel
From Hardware tab of System Properties
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Performance OptionsPerformance Options are under the
Advanced tab of My Computer Properties
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Resource TrackingCore Resources
CPUMemoryDiskNIC
Resource tracking toolsTask ManagerPerformance Console
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Task ManagerTo start Task Manager,
Press Ctrl-Shift-Esc or Ctrl-Alt-Del
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Performance ConsolePerformance Monitor contains two utilities
System Monitor snap-inTrack resource use and network throughputCollect and view real-time data about memory, disk,
processor, network, and other activity in graph, histogram, or report form
Performance Logs and Alerts snap-inCollect performance data from local or remote computersConfigure logs to record performance data and set system
alerts to notify you when a value is above or below a defined threshold
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Performance ConsoleAdd counter
Legend
Value bar
– Press Ctrl-H to highlight one set of data
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Objects and CountersAn object is a system resource
A counter tracks specific information about the object
Performance console includes System Monitor Shows real-time data on objectsClick the + to add counters for new
objects
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Performance Logs and AlertsPerformance Logs and Alerts allows you to
create a baseline or log
Record of anything that happens on your computer
Right-click Counter Logs and select New Log Settings
Give it a name and then make your choices
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Preparing for ProblemsTools to prepare for problems
System RestoreBackup and Restore WizardAutomated System RecoveryEmergency Repair DiskRecovery Console
SystemRestore
Backup/ Restore
ASR ERD Recovery Console
2000 Pro No Yes No Yes Yes
XP Home Yes No No No No
XP Pro Yes Yes Yes No Yes
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System RestoreSystem Restore enables you to create a restore
pointA copy of your computer’s configuration at a
specific point in time
Does not include data, only system configuration
To create a restore point Start | All Programs | Accessories | System Tools |
System Restore
A new restore point is automatically created whenever you install new software
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System Restore
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Backup and Restore WizardBackup program enables you to back up
and restore data and system filesBackup System State Data backs up the
Registry and other key system data
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Backup and Restore WizardAnother option
Windows 2000: Emergency Repair Disk (ERD)Stores a copy of the Registry in \WINNT\REPAIR
Windows XP: Automated System Recovery (ASR)Creates a backup of your system containing the system
partition and disks containing the operating system
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Recovery ConsoleRecovery Console offers a command-line
interface to help resolve issues such as faulty drivers
Access Recovery ConsoleRun Setup, select Repair and then Recovery
Console (lets you run it from the CD)
Or install to your hard drive and run \i386\winnt32 /cmdcons from your Setup CD
Troubleshooting Windows
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Failure to Boot Common errors
No Boot device Present NTLDR Bad or Missing Invalid Boot.ini
Your response
1. Attempt to repair2. Attempt to restore3. Rebuild
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Attempt to RepairThe Recovery Console is a text-mode
command interpreterSeparate from the Windows command
promptAllows you to gain access to the hard disk Limited access to NTFS and FAT volumesRequires an Administrator passwordStart and stop services, repair the master
boot record and boot sector, format volumes
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Recovery Console Commands
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Attempt to RestoreFor Windows 2000
Use ERDERD is available only if ERD disk was created
For XP use ASRASR Recovery is available only if ASR backup
was createdConsider ASR a last resortRestores to ASR backup point
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RebuildTry to back up or recover data first
Recover CDs or recovery partitions restore system to factory stateAll data is lost
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Failure to Load GUIDevice driver problems
Windows Stop ErrorBlue Screen of Death (BSoD)
Remove the device and reboot
RegistryBSOD with “Registry File Failure”“Windows could not start”
Restore the Registry (Last Known Good) and reboot
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Advanced Startup OptionsPress F8 after POST to launch Advanced
Startup Options Safe ModesEnable Boot LoggingEnable VGA ModeLast Known Good ConfigurationDirectory Services Restore Mode (Server
only)Debugging ModeBoot Normally (to abort advanced boot
options)
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Advanced Startup Options– Safe Mode
• Basic files and drivers are loaded with no network
• Can access Device Manager and restore points in Safe Mode
• Often works in response to BSoD
– Safe Mode with Networking• Networking capabilities added
– Safe Mode with Command Prompt
• Command prompt only
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Advanced Startup OptionsEnable Boot Logging
ntbtlog.txt is located in the windir folder (C:\winnt)
Enable VGA ModeLoad driver in standard VGA modeAllows correction of settings (refresh/resolution)
Directory Services Restore ModeDomain controllers only
Debugging Mode Rarely used
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Advanced Startup OptionsUse Last Known Good
If you install a new device driver, and Microsoft Windows 2000 restarts but the system stops responding
If you accidentally disable a critical device driver
Don’t use Last Known GoodWhen the problem isn’t related to Windows 2000
configuration changesAfter you log onWhen startup failures relate to hardware failures
or missing or corrupted files
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Troubleshooting Tools in the GUIOnce in the GUI, can use any tools we’ve
discussed or will discuss
Event Viewer
Device Manager
More
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Autoloading ProgramsMSConfig
Can set which programs and servers automatically start or don’t
Very effective when combating Spyware
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Services and System FilesServices
If critical services does notstart, Windows will give error
Common error: Service set to manual instead of automatic
System FilesDLLsProtected with System File Checker (SFC)SFC /SCANNOW will verify they are healthy
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