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Presented by Azage Tegegne, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Gebremedhin W/wahid, Zewdu Ayele and Kahsay Berhe at the “Training on Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Planning and Implementation”, workshop, Bahir Dar, 22-27 November 2012
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Market-oriented livestock production and sustainable watershed management in Astbi and Mieso districts,
Ethiopia: IPMS experience
Azage Tegegne, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Dirk Hoekstra, Gebremedhin
W/wahid, Zewdu Ayele, Kahsay Berhe
“Training on Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Planning and Implementation”, Bahir Dar, 22-27 November 2012
Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) Project, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Corresponding Author: [email protected]
Who is responsible??
Background – Livestock in Ethiopia
Large livestock population - cattle - 50 million, sheep – 25 million; Goats – 22 million; in crop-livestock mixed and pastoral/agro-pastoral production systems.
Semi arid and arid lowlands cover 78 million ha (61-65 % of the land), home for 12% of human and 26% of livestock population; (agro)-pastoral system.
About 80-85% of feed from natural pasture and quantity and quality varies. Feed shortage is a key constraint and producers have developed innovations in feed resources development and feeding systems.
With increased population pressure and over use of natural resources watersheds have reduced productivity often unable to feed the growing population.
Our objective is to share innovative practices in market-oriented livestock production within a watershed context in the dry highlands of Atsbi in Tigray and the semi-arid areas of Mieso in Oromia.
Attributes of Astbi, Tigray study site
Land area 1,223 Km2; Human population 110,578
Altitude - 918-3069 (2212) masl 75% >2600 m
Rainfall 365-678 (537) mm and temperature, 13-25 (17.8) oC
Agro-ecologically classified as- dry highland
Major crops grown are: barley, wheat, teff, faba beans, lentils, field peas, chickpeas, irrigated fruits and vegetables
Livestock resources - Cattle (52,264); Sheep (72,471); Goats (10,427); Camels (1,529); Beehives (6,729)
Attributes of Mieso, Oromia study site
Land area of 2,574 Km2 and human population of 115,568. Altitude - 900 to 1600 masl ; temperature varies between 240C and 280C; annual rainfall -790 mm Agro-ecologically - classified as semi-arid lowland and only 12% land suitable for crop production Major crops - sorghum, maize, teff, sesame, haricot beans and sweet potatoes Cattle (92,411), goats (41,869), camels (11,445) and sheep (7,325) Pastoralists - 80%, agro-pastoralists- 15%, crop-livestock production – 5%. About 73,658 ha (38%) of total land covered by bushes, forests and grazing land, and are the major feed resources (IPMS, 2006).
Watershed
A watershed consists of a steep land as runoff generating and valley bottoms as run-on zones in a continuum fashion.
With increased population pressure, over use of natural resources results in low watershed productivity often unable to feed the growing population.
In this regard, IPMS has been working on watershed based market-oriented crop and livestock commodities development to improve productivity and income of smallholder farmers.
Implemented interventions
Intervention approaches
Potentials, limitations and interventions (including GIS) of market oriented livestock commodities were identified along the value chain framework (VCF)
Natural pasture improvement
Crop residue improvement
Introduction of improved forage species in conserved watersheds
Introduction of cut and carry system of livestock feeding
Interventions implemented along the commodity value chain – Beef and goats in Mieso and sheep and apiculture in Atsbi
Atsbi
Production Systems - crop-livestock system, overgrazing, feed shortage and land degradation
Major livestock commodities - sheep and apiculture
Discussion with experts and the community followed by training and exchange visit programs
FTCs as knowledge centres
Woreda Knowledge Centres – non-electronic and electronic materials
Targeting, selection of suitable forage species, community mobilization and action
Rehabilitated hillside areas
Phalaris aquatica
Area enclosures
Changes in biomass and forage composition - backyard
Farmland/backyard forage development
Hillside rehabilitation
Gully rehabilitation
Changes in gully stabilization
System intensification -– cut and carry system in bottomlands
Cut and carry system
Cut and carry system - bottomlands
Changes in biomass and forage composition: irrigated sites
Farmland feed resources development
Changes in forage groundcover – slower runoff, higher water infiltration
Changes –in groundwater recharge and streams and spring development
Enriched Biodiversity – linked to apiculture development
Water harvesting
Improved groundwater recharge, shallow wells, water harvesting and Irrigated horticultural crops development
Watershed treatment and apiculture development
Bee forages
Apiculture in area closure
Apiculture development
Queen rearing and training centre
Apiculture products marketing – linkage with processors
Honey shop in Mekelle - branding
Sheep production and marketing
Diversification- Marketing feed for cash income
Monitoring, evaluation and learning for scaling out lessons through field visits and exchange programs
Atsbi –– forage development 2005 - 2009
Forage intervention type Demo area – ha or cuttings
Scaled out coverage – ha, PAs, cuttings
Degraded lands 26 ha 581 ha in 8 PAs, harvest once/yr
Bottomlands; year round cut and carry
69 ha 1746 ha in 13 PAs, harvested 3-4 times/yr
Bottomlands; partial cut and carry
Modified/traditional 5764 ha in 16 PAs
Private plots
Emerged by itself 10 PAs
Irrigated sites and gullies 300 cuttings in FTCs > 45,000 cuttings
Grazing land transformed to cut and carry
95 ha 4 PAs
Changes in biomass yield in the watershed continuum
Changes in forage utilization: Sheep fattening and innovation uptake
Improved forage uptake following demonstration
Apiculture and vegetables development
Apiculture
Currently, there are 19,272 hives and colonies - worth of about USD 1.5 - 1.75 million from honey and colony sale benefiting 10,878 households
Changes – Increased honey productivity from about 5 kg in 1997 to a record high of 80-100 kg/hive/year in 2007; and improved honey quality
Vegetables In 2008, about 11,393 households (33% women) grew vegetables on 1,417
ha with total income of USD 2.5 -3.2 million
Irrigated crop growers earn USD 250 - 350 per household per harvest.
These innovative practices have been scaled up and out among PAs using field visits, study tours and platforms
Mieso, Oromia
Pastoral and agro-pastoral system
Crop-livestock system
Major livestock species - cattle, goats, camels
Feed resources in the crop-livestock system
Participatory assessment of feed resources in pastoral area
Intrusion of undesirable invasive species
Prosopis juliflora
Euphorbia spp. Acacia nubica
Major feeding systems
Re-habilitating degraded rangelands
Fodder enclosure management and strategic use
The size of private enclosures varies from 0.5 to 1.5 ha.
Only 47% practice cut and carry feeding while 53% allow free grazing.
The community also rehabilitated communal hill side grazing lands through planting grasses and leguminous forages; which improved NRM, controlled soil erosion and enhanced soil moisture retention.
The reward from productivity of enclosures is dependent on management and utilization patterns
Crop residue improvement
Sorghum conservation, chopping and urea treatment for improved animal production
Production of food/feed crops
Sorghum, maize, haricot bean and sweet potato production cover 73%, 22%, 3% and 1%, respectively of the arable land area.
They are used as food/feed crops, for cash income, up keep of soil fertility and fulfilling social functions.
Sweet sorghum
Cultivated in crop livestock and agro-pastoralist areas on 80% of the arable land (about 13,000 ha).
Hardy and drought tolerant, survives 7 shocks per cropping season; stays on field for 7 months and produces tillers.
Intercropped with cow pea, pigeon pea, sweet potatoes, haricot beans.
Is palatable, has higher voluntary intake, fresh stalk is eaten by humans and stover is used for construction and firewood.
Inter-cropping sweet sorghum with pigeon pea and Rhodes grass
Sweet potato
Is a food/feed crop often inter-cropped with cereals and is also used for income generation.
Five types cultivated and criteria for selection are early maturity (>120 days), drought resistance, yield and market demand.
Tubers for fattening; leaves and vines for milking animals (increases yield and shortens post-partum anoestrus period).
According to farmers, cows become over fat and infertile when supplemented with tubers, and fattening cattle do not respond to supplementation with leaves and vines.
Sweet potato
Forage integration into cropping systems
Participatory selection of Napier grass varieties
Improved forages – Napier grass
Fodder development
Fodder development
Fodder development- forage integration into cropping system
Construction of ponds and water harvesting structures with feed resource
Diarrhea, pneumonia and tick infestation are major health problems
Use of locally available concentrate feeds and other farmer innovations
Drenching fenugreek powder mixed with water to clean up the digestive system and internal parasites
Feeding maize, haricot bean, sweet potato tubers, grain flours and dough stage maize
Drenching sugar, use of salt, mineral soil and small quantities of di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) to supplement phosphorus
Concentrate feeds – oil cakes
Urea-molasses blocks
Use of fresh human urine and mineral soils
Fresh urine is poured on crop residues and fed to increase feed intake, improve body condition and temperament.
Mineral soil (known as ‘Haya’) fed during the early rainy season to provide nutrients and reduce internal parasite burden.
Use of manure and medicinal plants
Producers indicated manure application improves water retention and utilization, increases grain yield 2-3 folds & biomass yield by threefold.
Use of medicinal plants (‘Harmel’) widely spread innovative practice.
The root is chopped, dried, powdered, mixed with water and administered around onset of short rainy season (March to May) to treat diarrhea and internal parasites.
Tubers shared as gifts and some sold in local markets.
Some medicinal plants
Input supply and services
Input supply and services
Concentrate feed supply system
Rural shops – Private vet drugs and forage seed – agri-business
Improved Production
Cattle fattening (@ 20,000-35,000 Birr/head –
about 2,000 USD)
Improved animal production
Small Ruminants
Regular and strategic destocking
In C-L system cattle fattened during abundant period (July - Nov) and sale between Sept and Dec., using buy-plow-fatten-sale and/or buy-fatten-sale system.
Emerging system - fatten oxen for 3-6 mo by matching with feed availability (June to Nov) and the market.
(Agro) pastoralists annually destock young males before feed exhaustion while in best body condition and fetch higher prices.
Producers at best position to buy grain at cheaper prices as this period coincides with the post harvest period of cereal crops.
Market-oriented production system and marketing groups
Market promotion and linkage – Livestock fair
Marketing and linkages
Market promotion, recognition and linkages – Awards during livestock fair
Beef and goat meat for domestic market
Farmer innovation in Mieso
Fodder enclosure management and strategic use
Regular and strategic destocking (matching livestock number with feed resources)
Supplement locally available mineral soils
Pouring urine/fresh urine from human/ on feeds to enhance intake
Deliberate production of food/feed crops (sweet sorghum, maize, beans, sweet potato)
Use of organic manure on crop fields
Use of supplemental feeds like dough stage maize, sorghum and haricot bean and grains, sweet potato tubers, and various multipurpose leguminous plants
Targeted feeding to specific group of animals like lactating cows, fattening animals
Cut and carry feeding system with proper shade and feeding and watering troughs
Farmer innovation in Mieso
Improving the quality of feed resources through boiling, roasting, soaking, and making flour from grains,
Wilting feeds like sweet potato leaves and vines, various weeds and grasses
Use of salt consistently
Use of locally available medicinal plants as wormicidal and false neem tree seeds against mild level of bloat cases
Improving presentation of crop residues like sorghum stover and maize stalk by chopping
Massaging finished cattle at night
Key issues for integrated approach to commodity development
Knowledge Management
Capacity Development
Commodity NOT Technology Development
Production Technologies
Input supply system and service provision including innovative credit
Marketing and linkages
Lessons for scaling out and up
Conclusions and Outlook
Key factors to stimulate local innovation - economic
incentives, erratic rainfall and drought, food insecurity, strong social bond and agile community asset, etc.
Determination of the community to learn to innovate and internalize innovativeness serve as a spring board in adapting, sustaining natural resources and transforming the livelihoods of the rural community.
Some interesting landscapes
Thank You!!
www.ipms-ethiopia.org