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Presented by Jemimah Njuki at the Global Conference on Women in Agriculture, New Delhi, India. 13-15 March 2012
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Linking Women Farmers to Markets: Patterns of Market Participation, Decision Making and Intra-
household Income Management
Presented at the Global Conference on Women in AgricultureNew Delhi, India. 13-15 March 2012
JemimahNjukiTeam Leader: Poverty, Gender and Impact
There is evidence that income under the control of women is more likely to be used to improve family welfare (family food onsumption, education, child nutrition etc)—Quisumbing et al, 1995, FAO, 2006)
◦ An increase in women’s income of USD 10 achieves the same health and nutrition benefits as in increase in men’s income of USD110
Women are significantly excluded from markets and opportunities for them to move from subsistence to market oriented agriculture are much lower
Linking women farmers to markets is a critical pathway to women’s economic empowerment—but participation in markets does not always lead to economic empowerment of women
Economic empowerment is also not sufficient for women’s full empowerment—legal and political rights, voice, reproductive rights etc
Why a specific focus on linking smallholder women farmers to markets
Approach Advantages for women Disadvantages for women
Contract schemes
Guaranteed purchases at pre-set pricesSales often at farm gate
Contracts with farm owners (registered owners who most often are men)
Out grower schemes
Support with technical services, inputs and market informationClose interaction with large firms for transfer of skills and knowledge
Possible hijacks by early adopters/ leadersContracts done with farm owners (registered owners who most often are men)
Group based approaches
Group dynamics and collective actionWomen can gain confidence, gain leadership skillsApproaches build in capacity building in different aspects including financial literacy
Domination by leaders/lack of group commitment, non sustainability Production still individual and in most cases under the control of men
Co-operatives Women have voiceBetter organization and more bargaining power leading to higher pricesEasier access to services and inputs through such arrangements as such as bulk input purchaseAvailability of informal revolving loans and government recognition
Women might get loans but my not have usufruct rightRegistration may be for heads of households and women do not get the full benefits of membership
Participatory, bottom up community development approaches
Women are given voice, ability to influence approach according to skillsCapacity building is centralStarts from where women are, gradually building skills and capacity and therefore more sustainable
Women’s concerns might not be factored into community demandsScale is an issue, so women access sustainable markets, get skills but volumes may be low
Some approaches for linking farmers to markets-implications for women
Research on Women and Markets
A focus on different approaches for linking smallholder farmers to markets
Research issues What types of markets are women
accessing / not accessing and why? What is the distributional impact of
participation in different livestock value chains?
What lessons can we learn from evidence on key ingredients of an effective approach for linking women farmers to markets
Common welfare functionPooling of resourcesHead is altruist
Unitary Household
Model
CooperativeNon Co-operative
Collective Household
Model
Measure impacts at household level
Measure impacts at individual level
Individual autonomyIndividual preferencesSub-economies
Choice of acting as individuals or joint“mine, yours, ours”
Livestock ownership patterns
In Kenya, men owned 10 times more cattle than women; for every 1 goat owned by women, men owned 4 goats
In Tanzania, men owned 18 times more cattle than women; for every 1 goat owned by women, men owned 14 goats; men owned one and a half times more improved chicken than women
Who mainly sells livestock and livestock products?
Chicken
Eggs Cattle Milk Shoats Honey0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Kenya
Men Women Joint
% o
f household
s
High participation of women in sale of livestock products (eggs and milk) and very low participation in sale of livestock (cattle, sheep, goats)
Women access less types of markets, more often farm gate due to constraints in time and mobility, transport assets etc. These markets have lower prices
Chicken
Eggs Cattle Milk Shoats Honey0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100% Tanzania
Men
In Kenya, low income management by women across species and products
Similar patterns in Tanzania but more management of income from milk and honey
Income management by men, women in male headed households
Chicken Eggs Cattle Milk Shoats Honey 0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%Kenya
Men Women Joint
Chicken Eggs Cattle Milk Shoats Honey Total0%
10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%
100%
Tanzania
Men Women Jointly
% incom
e s
hare
Variation in income share depending on where sold
Farm
gate
- oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
- tr
aders
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/shops /ho-
tels
Farm
gate
- oth
er
farm
ers
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/shops /ho-
tels
Farm
gate
- oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
- tr
aders
Villa
ge m
ark
et
Farm
gate
- oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
- tr
aders
Farm
gate
- oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
- tr
aders
Villa
ge m
ark
et
Farm
gate
- oth
er
farm
ers
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/s
hops
/ho-
tels
Chicken Eggs Sheep and goats
Honey Cattle Sales Milk
0
50
100
Tanzania
% incom
e s
hare
to w
om
en
Farm
gate
-Oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
-Tra
ders
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/shops/
hote
ls
Farm
gate
-Oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
-Tra
ders
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/shops/
hote
ls
Farm
gate
-Oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
-Tra
ders
Villa
ge m
ark
et
Farm
gate
-Oth
er
farm
ers
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/shops/
hote
ls
Farm
gate
-Oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
-Tra
ders
Farm
gate
-Oth
er
farm
ers
Farm
gate
-Tra
ders
Delivere
d t
o
traders
/shops/
hote
ls
Chicken Eggs Sheep and goats
Honey Cattle Sales
Milk
020406080
100
Kenya
• Women managed a higher income share when product was sold at farm gate compared to when sold at village markets or delivered to traders
• Differences less clear for sales of sheep, goats and cattle due to ownership patterns
Influence of who sells on income managementM
en
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Honey Chicken Eggs Sheep and
goats
Cattle Sales
Milk
0
20
40
60
80
100
Tanzania
% incom
e s
hare
to w
om
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Men
Wom
en
Cattle Sales
Milk Chicken Eggs Sheep and goats
Honey
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Kenya
• When women sold (physically or did the transaction), they managed a higher income share (for both products and species)
Variation in income share depending on total income from product
In Tanzania, income share to women was lower for high income products and higher for low income products
Research in Malawi showing income management by women declining as enterprise earns more money
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2003/4 2004/5 2005/6 2006/7
Tota
l am
ount
(US
D)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35%
sha
re o
f wom
en
Approaches that build capacity of women farmers to understand markets-financial literacy, negotiation skills, access to inputs, information and supportive policies
Profitable and sustainable to avoid engaging women’s time in non-profitable enterprises
Address women’s specific constraints and opportunities e.g access to credit, inputs and output markets etc
Multiple types of markets-formal or informal, away or farm gate to allow for choice and different women’s circumstances
Empowering—women can make choices about enterprises, types of markets etc
Engage men and women to achieve broader changes in gender relations –avoid male appropriation
Build on collectives ensuring that these can benefit from engagement
Evaluate impacts at both individual and household level
Key characteristics of effective approaches for linking women farmers to markets
The Goal of Pathways is to increase poor women farmers’ productivity and empowerment in more equitable agriculture systems at scale.
Working with 11000 collectives in six countries-India, Bangladesh, Tanzania, Malawi, Ghana and Mali
PATHWAYS-Women in Agriculture
PRODUCTIVITY (includes profitability)
EQUITY EMPOWERMENT
MORE SECURE AND RESILIENT LIVELIHOODS
(FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY, COPING AND ADAPTING ABILITY)
Figure 2: KEY COMPONENTS OF THE PATHWAYS PROGRAM’S GOAL
Thank you for your attention
