Slide 1
COPENHAGEN
Location of Copenhagen in DenmarkCopenhagen is the capital and
largest city of Denmark, with an urban area with a population of
1,167,569 (2009).Copenhagen has repeatedly been recognized as one
of the cities with the best quality of life and in 2008 it was
singled out as the Most Liveable City in the World by international
lifestyle magazine Monocle on their Top 25 Most Liveable Cities
2008 list.It is also considered one of the world's most
environmentally friendly cities with the water in the inner harbour
being so clean that it can be used for swimming and 36% of all
citizens commuting to work by bicycle, every day bicycling a total
1.1 million km.
What is the Copenhagen Earth Summit?From December 7 2009
environment ministers and officials will meet in Copenhagen for the
United Nations climate conference to thrash out a successor to the
Kyoto protocol. The conference, held at the modern Bella Centre,
will run for two weeks.The talks are the latest in an annual series
of UN meetings that trace their origins to the 1992 Earth Summit in
Rio, which aimed at coordinating international action against
climate change. What is the Copenhagen Earth Summit?
Kyoto ProtocolAdopted for use in 2005, The Kyoto Protocol is an
international environmental treaty under the United Nations
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that established
legally binding guidelines for the reduction of four greenhouse
gasses (CO2, methane, nitrous oxide, sulphur hexafluoride) and the
gas groups of hydrofluorocarbons and perfluorocarbons.
Industrialized countries that ratified, or agreed to, the protocol
committed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% over 1990s
emission rate. As of January 2009, there were 183 participating
countries working to reduce their emissions.
MAJOR PLAYERSRepresentatives of 192 countries meet in one of the
most widely anticipated international conferences in Copenhagen.
Main Players from the developing countries were India, China and
the developed countries were the European and American
Countries.
The Summit AgendaImplementing low carbon solutionLow carbon
competitivenessBusiness strategies on climate change
Key elements of Copenhagen AccordAn inspirational goal of
limiting global temperature increase to 2 degrees Celsius; A
process for countries to enter their specific mitigation pledges by
January 31, 2010; broad terms for the reporting and verification of
countries actions; A collective commitment by developed countries
for $30 billion in new and additional resources in 2010-2012 to
help developing countries reduce emissions, preserve forests, and
adapt to climate change; The accord also calls for the
establishment of a Copenhagen Green Climate Fund, a High Level
Panel to examine ways of meeting the 2020 finance goal, a new
Technology Mechanism, and a mechanism to channel incentives for
reduced deforestation.
Countries initiatives to maintain the momentum
Final Outcome
ReactionsGovernmentalUS - "We've come a long way but we have
much further to go.UK - "We have made a start but that the
agreement needed to become legally binding quickly. And accused a
small number of nations of holding the Copenhagen talks to
ransom.China- "The meeting has had a positive result, everyone
should be happy.India- "We can be satisfied that we were able to
get our way"
ReactionsNon-Governmental"good but not adequate."an abject
failure"."effectively signed a death warrant for many of the
world's poorest children."The city of Copenhagen is a crime scene
tonight. There are too few politicians in this world capable of
looking beyond the horizon of their own narrow self-interest".
AnalysisDespite widely held expectations that the Copenhagen
summit would produce a legally binding treaty, the conference was
plagued by negotiating deadlock and the resulting "Copenhagen
Accord" is not legally enforceable.
Failures were blamed on Developed as well as Developing
Countries
Water Pollution Control - A Guide to the Use of Water Quality
ManagementPrinciplesCASE STUDY - The Ganga, India
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Purity and Impurity
Pure things: Ganga, saints, gold, Brahmans, ritual
implementsimpure things: bodily substances, dead bodies, menstrual
blood, birth, death, leather, hair
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Gandagipan spit, excrementdirty wastewater drains and solid
wastesoap from bathing and washingbad businessMoral degeneracy in
the Kali Yuga
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Can religious groups and institutions help?Create public
awarenessMobilize sentiment toward specific goalsPut pressure on
agencies controlling water and wastewater managementMaintain a
public appreciation for and worship of riversConnect the study of
ecology, hydrology and water resources to fundamental values,
beliefs and worldviews
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Various Initiatives Taken To Save The River Ganga
Swatcha Ganga Campaign
RIVER ACTION PLANCPCB identified polluted water bodies, which
leads to formulation of action plan for restoration of the water
body.Based on CPCBs Recommendations, Ganga Action Plan was launched
in 1986 to restore the WQ of the Ganga by interception, diversion
and treatment of wastewater from 27 cities/towns located along the
river.Based on the experience gained during implementation of the
Ganga Action Plan, Govt of India extends river cleaning programme
to other rivers and lakes.
Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand Dissolved OxygenTotal ColiformFaecal
Coliform 3 mg/l maximum5 mg/l minimum10,000 per 100 ml25,00 per 100
ml
Objective of Ganga Action Plan Phase IAt the time of launching
the main objective of GAP was to improve the water quality of Ganga
to acceptable standards by preventing the pollution load reaching
the river. However, as decided in a meeting of the Monitoring
Committee in June, 1987, under the Chairmanship of Prof. M.G.K.
Menon, then Member, Planning Commission, the objective of GAP was
recast as restoring the river water quality to the Bathing Class
standard which is as follows:
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# For rational planning of pollution control strategies and
their prioritisation;
# To assess nature and extent of pollution control needed in
different water bodies or their part;
# To evaluate effectiveness of pollution control measures
already in existence; # To evaluate water quality trend over a
period of time;
# To assess assimilative capacity of a water body thereby
reducing cost on pollution control;
# To understand the environmental fate of different
pollutants.
# To assess the fitness of water for different uses. Objective
of Water Quality Monitoring
The Sankat Mochan Foundation, Varanasi, India (SMF)
Founded in 1982 and working as a catalyst agent to arouse
interest in cleaning Ganga, SMF drew the attention of the
Government Of India.
In response, the Government created the Central Ganga Authority
(CGA) and the Ganga Project Directorate (GPA) in 1985.
In 1986, the Ganga Action Plan (GAP) was launched to clean the
Ganga River in Varanasi and other important cities.
A total of about 4oo crores Rs. (out of which 50 crores were
spent in Varanasi) had been spent to intercept and divert the
sewage coming into the river, to treat the sewage, and to create a
distribution system to allow the treated sewage to be used by
farmers for agricultural purposes
Salient features of the SMF proposal for the GAP phase II
include:
A pond system (AIWPS); a total interception and diversion of the
sewage currently flowing into the Ganges using a watertight
interceptor running parallel to the river.
This interceptor would use no electricity-dependent pumps and
would depend on gravity for sewage removal to completely bypass the
religious bathing areas.
The proposed sewage treatment system described by the SMF is
technically appropriate and is already working effectively. SMF
needs to be able to support the needed technical work to fully
formulate the construction plans for the sewage collection and
treatment systems. There is much to be done, but success is
definitely in sight.
Govt to take IITs help in effort to clean up Ganga :
India has turned to seven Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs)
to help it prepare a plan to clean the Ganga. The move comes after
the government has failed to do so after spending around Rs 900
crore over 25 years through the Ganga Action Plan.
The joint committee comprising representatives from the IITs at
Bombay, Delhi, Guwahati, Kanpur, Kharagpur, Madras and Roorkee will
submit their first plan to the ministry of environment and forests
(MoEF) . Jairam Ramesh, Indias environment minister, said the
situation would have been worse without GAP and added that the
involvement of the IITs is a good step for the Ganga and all other
river conservation (efforts) in the future.
IIT-Kanpur will co-ordinate the effort, monitor progress of the
plan and help set up a project management board and project
implementation and coordination committee, according to the
agreement between the ministry and the IITs (both in Uttarakhand)
has been shelved
Unfortunately, the GAP was monopolized by the bureaucracy and
there was no room for citizens or the SMF to participate
effectively in implementation of the GAP. With support received
from SBI and SNF, the SMF set up a first class water quality
testing lab at Tulsi Ghat on the banks of the Ganga in Varanasi and
started monitoring the rivers water quality, the quality of treated
effluent coming out of the sewage treatment plant, and the overall
performance of the GAP.
International Conference on Rivers, Kumbha Mela 2001
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New initiative seeks to protect river :
In November 2010, the government declared the Ganges a national
river and established the Ganga River Basin Authority to protect
the river.
This new initiative comes a quarter of a century after the first
"Clean Ganga Campaign" began.
The government says its plan replaces older piecemeal efforts
with an integrated approach that looks at both the quantity and the
quality of the water flow.
Now the government of India has considered Ganga Mya as a
national river. We are giving thanks to them after 50 years Ganga
is a matter of pride for all the Ganga putras.
National River Conservation DirectorateThe Central Ganga
Authority, established in 1985 under the chairmanship of the Prime
Minister, lays down the policies for works to be taken up under the
Ganga Action Plan. With the approval of the National River
Conservation Plan (NRCP) in July 1995, the Central Ganga Authority
has been redesignated as the NATIONAL RIVER CONSERVATION
DIRECTORATE (NRCD). The NRCD coordinates the implementation of the
schemes under the Ganga and other Action Plans.
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The methodology
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Impact of Schemes on Health
The efficacy of the schemes taken up under the Ganga Action Plan
in the towns of Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) and Nabadweep (West
Bengal) was evaluated for the effects on the health of the people
particularly those who were directly affected by Ganga water.
All India Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, Calcutta along
with NEERI, Nagpur carried out studies in these towns.
The studies revealed that as the projects under GAP were being
completed there was a decreasing trend in the incidence of water
borne diseases.
However, in case of sewage farm workers handling untreated
sewage, there was prevalence of diarrhea, helminthic infection,
skin diseases and respiratory tract infection.
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Problems in data validation due to fluctuation in water
quality.Flow in many rivers dwindles due to short period of
monsoon.Environmental flows are not maintained, hence only urban
wastewater flows in the rivers after major abstraction
points.Removal of outliers during validation of data may devoid
valuable information related to flushing of Industrial effluents
responsible for episodal pollution and fish kill.Need of software
for processing, validation/trend analyses and format data
storage.Priorities for water quality management varies widely from
developed countries to developing countries.Limitations of
Monitoring Programme
Sustainability of infrastructure and maintenance of instruments
and equipments.Financial as well as Manpower resources are
inadequate and reducing due to policy shift.Travel to long
distances for monitoring and preservation of samples in warm
weather conditions adversely affect the results.Analysis results
needs in-depth validation and repeated interaction with
laboratories. Improper reporting of units, variation in analysis
methods and quality control of chemicals are cause of concern.Lack
of training for laboratory and field staff.Lack of software to
analyse the data for trend analyses and data validation.
Constraints in Maintaining the Network
Problem areas (Iyer)forecasts of water scarcity, food
insecurity; drought-prone areas, arid zones, and other water-short
areasflood-related damages and lossbitter and divisive inter-State
river-water disputes and ineffectiveness of the constitutional
conflict-resolution mechanismunresolved issues relating to rivers
with Pakistan, Nepal and Bangladeshacute water conflicts between
users (agriculture / industry/ drinking water) and between areas
(rural / urban) difficulties meeting UN Millenium Development Goals
for safe drinking water and sanitation facilitiesdepletion of
groundwater aquifersshrinking of wetlandspollution and
contamination of water sourcesoverall waste of wateruncertainties
arising from predictions of climate change
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Exploitation
The principal sources of pollution of the Ganga River can be
characterised as follows:Domestic and industrial wastes. It has
been estimated that about 1.4 106 m3 d-1 of domestic wastewater and
0.26 106 m3 d-1 of industrial sewage are going into the river.Solid
garbage thrown directly into the river.Non-point sources of
pollution from agricultural run-off containing residues of harmful
pesticides and fertilizers.Animal carcasses and half-burned and
unburned human corpses thrown into the river.Defecation on the
banks by the low-income people.Mass bathing and ritualistic
practices.
The Action Plan
It was realised that comprehensive co-ordinated research would
have to be conducted on the following aspects of Ganga:
The sources and nature of the pollution. A more rational plan
for the use of the resources of the Ganga for agriculture, animal
husbandry, fisheries, forests, etc. The demographic, cultural and
human settlements on the banks of the river. The possible revival
of the inland water transport facilities of the Ganga, together
with the tributaries and distributaries.
Strategies
StrategiesIndustrial wasteIntegrated improvements of urban
environmentsPublic ParticipationTechnology optionOperation and
maintenanceImplementation problemsRiver Water Quality
Management
ConclusionThe GAP is a successful example of timely action due
to environmental awareness at the governmental level.Lessons
learned poor resource recovery due to poor resource generation, the
need for control of pathogenic contamination in treated
effluent
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