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Introduction to Animal Form & Function
Prepared by: Ms. IRISH M. SEQUIHOD
OBJECTIVES• Reflect animal form and function to Biology’s major theme.• Explain the principle of Complementarity.• Discuss the rationale of body plans in relation to external
environment.• Discuss the concept of Homeostasis.• Describe the different forms of chemical energy harvest of life
forms.
Animal form reflects Biology theme
•Structure and function•Emergent properties•Evolution (natural selection)•Regulation
Function Correlates with Functions
•Complementarity Principle•Life characterized by hierarchical levels of organization, each with emergent properties.•Hierarchical Structure•Organized but complex
Function Correlates with Functions
Structural Organization
Organism
systems organs tissues cell molecular
The Organ Systems of Animal are Interdependent
The Organ Systems of Animal are Interdependent
Body plans and the External Environment
• An animal’s size and shape, features that biologists often call body plans or designs, are fundamental aspects of form and function that significantly affect the way an animal interacts with its environment.• The body plan or design of an animal
results from a pattern of development programmed by the genome, itself the product of millions of years of evolution due to natural selection.
Physical laws constrain animal form
Body size and shape affect interactions with
the environment.
Body size and shape affect interactions with the environment.
Regulating the Internal Environment
• Mechanisms of Homeostasis moderate changes in the internal environment.• Homeostasis means “steady state” • Homeostasis – depends on feedback circuits
negative feedback – a change in a variable being monitored triggers the control mechanism to counteract further change in same direction.
positive feedback – a change in some variable triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than to reverse the change.
Negative Feedback
Positive Feedback
Introduction to the Bioenergetics
• According to source of energy• According to carbon source• Animals are heterotrophs that harvest
chemical energy from the food they eat.• Plants are autotrophs that they harvest
chemical energy from carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight.
Introduction to the Bioenergetics
• After the energetic needs of staying alive are met, any remaining food molecules can be used in biosynthesis, including body growth and repair, synthesis of storage material such as fat, and production of reproductive structures, including gametes.
Introduction to the Bioenergetics
•Metabolic rate provides clues an animal’s bioenergetic “strategy”.• The flow of energy through an animal - the
animal’s bioenergetics – ultimately sets the limits to the animal’s behaviour, growth, and reproduction and determines how much food it needs.•Metabolic rate – the amount of energy an
animal uses in a unit of time.
Two Basic Bioenergetic “strategies”
• Endothermic - bodies are warmed by heat generated by metabolism, and their body temperature must be maintained at a certain level to sustain life.
Two Basic Bioenergetic “strategies”• Ectothermic - do not produce enough metabolic
heat to have much effect on body temperature.
Metabolic Rate vs. Body Size & Condition
•Metabolic rate per gram is inversely related to body size among similar animals.•Animals adjust their metabolic rates
as conditions change.•Basic Metabolic Rate (BMR) vs.
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)
Metabolic Rate vs. Body Size & Condition
•In general, an animal’s maximum possible metabolic rate is inversely related to the duration of activity.
Metabolic Rate vs. Body Size & Condition
• Both an alligator (ectotherm) and a human (endotherm) are capable of very intense exercise in short spurts of a minute or less.
Metabolic Rate vs. Body
Size & Condition
Energy budgets reveal how animals use energy and materials