ICopyright © Oracle Corporation, 2001. All rights reserved.

Introduction

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Objectives

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following: • List the features of Oracle9i• Discuss the theoretical and physical aspects of

a relational database• Describe the Oracle implementation of the

RDBMS and ORDBMS

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Oracle9i

Scalability

Reliability

Single development

modelCommonskill sets

One management

interface

Onevendor

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Oracle9i

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Oracle9i Application Server

Business IntelligenceBusiness intelligence

Transactional AppsTransactional Apps

PortalsPortals

APACHE

IntegrationIntegration

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Oracle9i Database

MultimediaMultimedia

Object Relational DataObject Relational Data

MessagesMessages

Documents

XML

Documents

XML

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Relational and Object Relational Database Management System

• Relational model and object relational model• User-defined data types and objects• Fully compatible with relational database• Support of multimedia and large objects• High-quality database server features

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Oracle Internet Platform

ClientsSy

stem

man

agem

ent

Network services

Databases Applicationservers

Developm

ent toolsInternet applications

Presentation andbusiness logic

Business logicand data

Any browser Any FTP clientAny mailclient

Java

SQLSQL

PL/SQLPL/SQL

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System Development Life Cycle

Strategyand

analysisDesign

Buildand

documentTransition

Production

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Data Storage on Different Media

Electronic spreadsheet

Filing cabinet

Database

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Relational Database Concept

• Dr. E.F. Codd proposed the relational model for database systems in 1970.

• It is the basis for the relational database management system (RDBMS).

• The relational model consists of the following:– Collection of objects or relations– Set of operators to act on the relations– Data integrity for accuracy and consistency

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Definition of a Relational Database

A relational database is a collection of relations or two-dimensional tables.

OracleOracleserverserver

Table Name: EMPLOYEES Table Name: DEPARTMENTS

… …

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Data Models

Model ofsystem

in client’smind

Entity model ofclient’s model

Table modelof entity model

Tables on disk

Oracleserver

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• Create an entity relationship diagram from business specifications or narratives

• Scenario– “. . . Assign one or more employees to a

department . . .”– “. . . Some departments do not yet have assigned

employees . . .”

Entity Relationship Model

EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title

DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation

assigned to

composed of

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Entity Relationship Modeling Conventions

EntitySoft boxSingular, unique nameUppercaseSynonym in parentheses

AttributeSingular nameLowercaseMandatory marked with “*”Optional marked with “o”

Unique Identifier (UID)Primary marked with “#”Secondary marked with “(#)”

EMPLOYEEEMPLOYEE#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo job titlejob title

DEPARTMENTDEPARTMENT#* #* numbernumber** namenameoo locationlocation

assigned to

composed of

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Relating Multiple Tables

• Each row of data in a table is uniquely identified by a primary key (PK).

• You can logically relate data from multiple tables using foreign keys (FK).

Table Name: EMPLOYEESTable Name: DEPARTMENTS

Primary key Primary keyForeign key

…

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Relational Database Terminology

1

23 4

5

6

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Relational Database Properties

A relational database:• Can be accessed and modified by executing

structured query language (SQL) statements• Contains a collection of tables with no physical

pointers• Uses a set of operators

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Communicating with a RDBMS Using SQL

SELECT department_name FROM departments;

SQL statementis entered.

Oracleserver

Statement is sent to Oracle Server.

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Relational Database Management System

User tables Data dictionary

Oracleserver

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SQL StatementsSELECT INSERTUPDATEDELETEMERGECREATEALTERDROPRENAMETRUNCATE

COMMITROLLBACKSAVEPOINT

GRANTREVOKE

Data retrieval

Data manipulation language (DML)

Data definition language (DDL)

Transaction control

Data control language (DCL)

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Tables Used in the CourseEMPLOYEES

DEPARTMENTS JOB_GRADES

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Summary

• The Oracle9i Server is the database for Internet computing.

• Oracle9i is based on the object relational database management system.

• Relational databases are composed of relations, managed by relational operations, and governed by data integrity constraints.

• With the Oracle Server, you can store and manage information by using the SQL language and PL/SQL engine.