University of SulaimaniaSchool of ScienceDepartment of Biology2nd Class Year

22nd Lab.

Pterygotes - Neopteran Insects:

Order ColeopteraOrder Lepidoptera

Lecturer: Farhad A. Khudhur

Objectives: • This lecture gives knowledge about the largest animal

group (order Coleoptera), beetles. • Their classifications and identification keys.

• Focusing on the most common and important families of beetles.

• Butterflies and moths (order Lepdoptera). Their classifications and identification keys.

• Focusing on the most common and important families of moths and butterflies.

Scientific content: - Order Coleoptera

General descriptionsClassification: Suborder: Polyphaga

Order Lepidoptera General descriptionsClassification: Butterfly families and Moth families

Order: Coleoptera• Fore-wings modified to elytra and hindwings are

membranous.• Chewing mouth parts,• Different kinds of antennae• No Cerci• Mostly terrestrial and some aquatic• Larvae (Campodieform or Scarabieform) with a distinct

head and biting (chewing) mouthparts, with or without thoracic legs, only rarely with prolegs.

• The pupae of beetles are either with legs tightly pressed against the body, or exarate, with the legs and wings held free from the body.

Suborder: Polyphaga

• Family: MELOIDAE (blister beetle) Mylabris sp.

• Family: SCARABAEIDAE Adults may be recognized by the lamellate terminal segments of their antennae. (Rhinoceros beetles) (Dung beetle)

• Family: TENEBRIONIDAE (darkling beetles) (Tribolium spp.),

• Family: COCCINELLIDAE (ladybugs, ladybird beetles) Coccinella septempenctata

Order: Lepidoptera• The most distinguishing characteristics; scaly wings

and siphoning mouthparts.• Cerci are not present• Adults are terrestrial, mostly feeding on nectar • Larval Lipidoptera are polypod (caterpillar) and found in a

variety of terrestrial habitats.• Chewing mouthparts feed on plant materials (leaves).• Mostly are regarded as serious agricultural pests.• Pupae are obtect usually within silken cocoons spun by the

larvae, although many species pupate without a cocoon.

Superfamily: Papilionoidea• Family: Nymphalidae (Painted Lady Butterfly)• Family: Paplionidae (Swallow Tail Butterfly)• Family: Lycaenidae (Blue Butterfly)• Family: Pieridae (White or Sulfur Butterfly)

• Family: Saturniidae (Emperor Moth and Atlas Moth)• Family: Bombycidae (Silkworm Moth) Bombyx mori• Family: Sphingidae (sphinx moth )

Superfamily: Bombycoidea

Family: Nymphalidae (Painted Lady Butterfly)

Family: Paplionidae (Swallow Tail Butterfly)

Family: Lycaenidae (Blue Butterfly)

Family: Pieridae (White or Sulfur Butterfly)

Family: Saturniidae (Emperor Moth)

•Family: Bombycidae (Silkworm Moth) Bombyx mori

References:

• David, B. V. and Ananthakrishnan, T. N. (2004). General and Applied Entomology. 2nd ed. Tata McGraw-hill Publishing Co. Ltd. New Delhi. India. 1184 p.

• Elzinga, Richard J. (1997). Fundamentals of Entomology. 4th ed. New Jersey, Prentice-Hall, Inc. 475 pp.

• Gillot, Cedric. (2005). Entomology. 3rd ed. Springer, Dordrecht. The Netherlands. 831 pp.

• Grzimek’s Animal Life Encyclopedia, 2nd edition. Volume 3, Insects, edited by Michael Hutchins, Arthur V. Evans, Rosser W. Garrison,

• Resh, Vincent H. & Cardé, Ring T. (2003). Encyclopedia of Insects. USA. Academic Press, Elsevier Science, 1266 pp.