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Test for maximum, minimum and points of inflexion 1. Find stationary point a : f ' (a) = 0 2. Study the sign of f' to the right and left of a + + + maximum f ' (a)=0 horizontal point of inflexion f ' (a)=0 f ' (a)=0 + minimum f ' (a)=0

IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

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Page 1: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Test for maximum, minimum and points of inflexion

1. Find stationary point a  :  f ' (a) = 0

2. Study the sign of f ' to the right and left of a

+

+

+maximum

­f ' (a)=0

horizontalpoint of inflexion

­­ f ' (a)=0f ' (a)=0

+­ minimum

f ' (a)=0

Page 2: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find the coordinates of the stationary points on the curve y= x4 ­ 4 x3  and determine their nature.

Example 5:

Page 3: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test
Page 4: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find the stationary points for the curve                       and determine their nature.Sketch the function.

Example 6:

Page 5: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test
Page 6: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find turning points for                                    . Sketch the curve.

Example 7:

Page 7: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

 For the curve  y = x3 + x2 find the stationary points and sketch the curve.

Example 8:

Page 8: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

 y = x3 + x2

Page 9: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

By the end of the lesson you will be able to:

• Use the second derivative to test the nature of a stationary point and/or point of inflexion.

Page 10: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

 

•  

•  

A

B

f is concave upwards

gradient is increasing

f '  is increasing

f ''  > 0

If a function is increasing then its derivative is positive

Concavity

Page 11: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

 

f is concave downwards

gradient is decreasing

f '  is decreasing

f ''  < 0

If a function is decreasing then its derivative is negative

•   

•   A

B

Page 12: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

f is concave upwards  f ''  > 0

f is concave downwards  f ''  < 0

Page 13: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

The second derivative and turning points

•  

•  

B

A

at A:          f ' (a)= 0f is concave up. f ''(a) > 0

f '(a) = 0

A is a minimum point

          f ' (b)= 0f is concave down.

f '(b) = 0f ''(b) < 0

B is a maximum point

at B:

Page 14: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

P is a minimum point

at P :

f '(x) = 0  

f ''(x) > 0

P is a maximum point

at P :

f '(x) = 0  

f ''(x)< 0

Page 15: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

P•  

A point of inflexion is when the curve changes from concave down to concave up or vice versa.

P is a point of inflexion

•  P

at P:

f ''(x) = 0 f '' changes sign  

If f ' is also zero then P is a horizontal point of inflexion.

Page 16: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find the  points of inflection of                       f (x) = x4­ 4 x3  + 5

Page 17: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test
Page 18: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find the stationary points for the curve y= 4 + 3x ­ x3 and determine their nature. Draw a sketch of the function.

Page 19: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

y= 4 + 3x ­ x3

Page 20: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find the point of inflexion on the curve y = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 6 x ­ 7  and sketch its graph

Page 21: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

y = 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 6 x ­ 7

Page 22: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

 For the curve  y = x3 + x2 find the stationary points and point of inflexion.

Page 23: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

 y = x3 + x2

Page 24: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Find turning points for    y =x3 ­ 3x2 ­ 9x +2. Sketch the curve.

Page 25: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

y =x3 ­ 3x2 ­ 9x +2

Page 26: IB Maths.Turning points. Second derivative test

Test for maximum, minimum and points of inflexionMethod 1: First derivative Sign test

1. Find a  :  f ' (a) = 0

2. Study the sign of f ' to the right and left of a

++ ­ ­maximum minimum

++

­­

f ' (a)=0

horizontalpoint of inflexion

Method 2 : Second derivative test

1. Find a  :  f ' (a) = 0

2. Study the sign of  f ''(a)  

  f '' (a) <0   

f '' (a) = 0     andf '' changes sign at a

f ' (a)=0f ' (a)=0

f ' (a)=0f '' (a) >0    minimum

maximum

point of inflexion