GFS MEGR102

Environmentally friendly fracking fluid

Presented by:

Andrew Proud International Product Manager Global Future Solutions Ph: +61 413 028 896 E: aproud@gfscorporation.net

GLOBAL FUTURE SOLUTIONS - HISTORY

Global Future Solutions (GFS) is an Australian biotechnology company founded in March 2009, where the idea first began to develop green technologies that are now being produced for various markets worldwide. Since its inception, GFS has forged relationships with companies worldwide, as well as being involved in global aid in Haiti & Pakistan after natural disasters struck. We pride ourselves on creating products that are:

• Environmentally conscious • More effective than currently used products • Competitive pricing

GFS TECHNOLOGY

GFS Microbial products are based on our revolutionary, patented process for the production of surfactin. Producing commercial quantities of surfactin has been highly sought after for decades due to its exceptional surface activity. From this advancement, GFS has developed environmentally friendly solutions for industries where toxic chemical use has been prevalent.

GFS MEGR102

GFS MEGR102 is a combination of a natural probiotic ….bacteria & the surfactin that it produces, negating the ….use of a conventional biocide Bacillus subtilis produces a naturally occurring Lipid ….peptide (surfactin) that inhibits the growth of problem ….bacteria. Bacillus subtilis is classified as a low risk bacteria by US ….EPA

BENEFITS OF GFS MEGR102

Effective in controlling • Sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) • Iron reducing bacteria (IRB) • Acid producing bacteria (APB) • Sludge/Film Forming Bacteria • E. Coli

Compatible with common frack fluids/water. Wide temperature/pressure stability. Controls bacteria long term & does not get used up like …..conventional biocides. Non toxic, non corrosive & non flammable.

GFS MEGR102 – Advantages

Advantages of GFS MEGR102 Composed primarily of non hazardous organic components Rapidly controls bacteria in one to two hours Effective in a wide range of oilfield waters Broad spectrum of effectiveness against SRB, IRB, APB Continues to control bacteria long term unlike conventional …..biocides which generally work only short term Effective at a broad range of pH levels Salt & high temperature tolerant Less prone to degradation in storage than most chemical ….biocides

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing SRB

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of pH, monovalent and divalent salt cations, on MEGR 102 antimicrobials. 10μL of Desulfotomaculum halophilum displaying strong growth was injected into each tube. 12 tubes were set aside as positive controls, 4 each for pH 3, 7 and 9. 6. 10, 20, 40 and 80μL of 1% and 16, 32, 64 and 128μL of MEGR 102 was injected into the prepared tubes to obtain the desired concentration of toxicant. 7. Tubes were incubated anoxically at 35˚C and checked daily for the first week and weekly thereafter for growth inhibition.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing SRB

MEGR 102 Challenge using 6% NaCl at 3 weeks, positive controls to the left for each pH range.

MEGR 102 Challenge with 4% NaCl and 2% CaCl2 at 3 weeks, positive controls to the left for each pH range.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing SRB & Heat Stability

OBJECTIVE: In an effort to test the heat stability of MEGR 102 the product was exposed to increased temperatures before use. Two temperatures were chosen to mimic actual underground and above ground conditions in the field and compared with product efficacy at ambient temperature. 10μL of Desulfotomaculum halophilum displaying strong growth was injected into each tube. 12 tubes were set aside as positive controls, 4 each for pH 3, 7 and 9. 6. 10, 20, 40 and 80μL of 1% and 16, 32, 64 and 128μL of 10% MEGR 102 was injected into the prepared tubes to obtain the desired concentration of toxicant. 7. Tubes were incubated anoxically at 35˚C and checked daily for the first week and weekly thereafter for growth inhibition.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing SRB & Heat Stability

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing SRB & Heat Stability

MEGR 102 challenge at 25˚C, at 3 weeks, pH 3, 7 and 9, positive controls to the left for each pH range.

MEGR 102 challenge at 50˚C, at 3 weeks, pH 3, 7 and 9, positive controls to the left for each pH range.

MEGR 102 challenge at 75˚C, at 3 weeks, pH 3, 7 and 9, positive controls to the left for each pH range.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Bacteria name Abbreviation Type of bacteria

Experiment # Source of bacteria

Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

DD SRB GFS TSR 2014-11 ATCC

Enterobacter cloacae GFS-9980

EC APB GFS TSR 2014-12

Isolated at GFS from Mexican oil sample

Rahnella aquatilis GFS-B23a

RA APB GFS TSR 2014-13 Isolated at GFS from customer sample

Pseudomonas baetica GFS- B32a

PB APB GFS TSR 2014-13 Isolated at GFS from customer sample

Enterobacteriaceae bacterium GFS-L20b

EB APB GFS TSR 2014-13 Isolated at GFS from customer sample

Pantoea agglomerans GFS- B26a

PA APB

GFS TSR 2014-13 Isolated at GFS from customer sample

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Effect of GFS MEGR102 on the growth of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans (DD)

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* The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of DD. * Average of two cultures are presented. * GFS MEGR102 at 1000 ppm inhibited the growth of DD for up to 170 hours. At 500 ppm the growth was inhibited for 78 hours. At 250 ppm the growth was inhibited for 46 hours.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Effect of GFS MEGR102 on the growth of Enterobacter cloacae (EC)

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* The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of EC. * Average of two cultures are presented. * GFS MEGR102 at 1000, 500 and 250 ppm inhibited the growth of EC for up to 145 hours

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Effect of GFS MEGR102 on the growth of Rahnella aquatilis (RA)

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* The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of RA. * Average of two cultures are presented. * GFS MEGR102 at 1000, 500 and 250 ppm inhibited the growth of EC for up to 145 hours.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Effect of GFS MEGR102 on the growth of Pseudomonas baetica (PB)

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* The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of PB. * Average of two cultures are presented. * GFS MEGR102at 1000, 500 and 250 ppm inhibited the growth of EC for up to 145 hours

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Effect of Probio C on the growth of Enterobacteriaceae bacterium (EB)

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* The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of EB. * Average of two cultures are presented. *GFS MEGR102at 1000 and 500 ppm inhibited the growth of PB for up to 121 hours. Small inhibition found with 250 ppm.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing APB

Effect of GFS MEGR102 on the growth of Pantoea agglomerans (PA)

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* The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of PA. * Average of two cultures are presented. * GFS MEGR102at 1000 ppm inhibited the growth of PA for up to 121 hours. At 500 ppm the growth was inhibited for 50 hours. Small inhibition found with 250 ppm.

GFS MEGR102 – Laboratory Testing IRB

Effect of MEGR102-C on the growth of the IRB strain Shewanella oneidensis (MR-1)

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MR-1 Control Growth MEGR102-C 1000 ppm MEGR102-C 500 ppm MEGR102-C 250 ppm

* Experiment GFS TSR 2014-19, started on 2/18/14 and finished on 2/24/14 * The experiment was started with 1E+5 cells of MR-1. * Average of two cultures are presented. * MEGR102-C at 1000, 500 and 250 ppm inhibited the growth of MR-1 for up to 130 hours.

Negating the use of toxic biocides in the fracking process, is a huge step towards moving from burning coal, to a cleaner source of fuel with far less environmental impact.

Should further information be required, the team of GFS Australasia would be more than happy to assist. Thank you.

GFS MEGR102 - Conclusion