Why are more females taking part in sport and physical activity now than in the past? [4 marks]

Why are more females taking part in sport and physical activity now than in the past? [4 marks]

Because there are: More sports and events available to females, e. Can take part in marathons More competitions/events/leagues available to females More coaches available to females More role models available to females More opportunities at school available to females More encouragement available to females More times available to play due to female/male role changes/traditions; More favourable attitudes towards female participation/equality for women Equal opportunities – can not discriminate based on gender Well publicised/promoted campaigns to increase female participation; Women’s only sessions in clubs/centres; Changing attitudes/ambitions amongst women; Increased chance of sponsorship for elite women athletes/earning money; More female sports coverage on TV/media; More childcare available.

Attitudes have changed towards many aspects of sporting participation.Explain how attitudes have changed in terms of women’s participation and also in terms of opportunities for women in management and their role as officials.

[4 marks]

Women’s participation............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

Management and role as officials.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

(Total 4 marks)

Explain how attitudes have changed in terms of women’s participation and also in terms of opportunities for women in management and their role as officials.

[4 marks]Award up to three marks for identifying greater participation and up to three further marks

for considering the management and officials’ roles.

Greater participation A greater level of social acceptability for women to taking part in sport. it is no longer

thought of as unfeminine Greater opportunities as more sports, activities and clubs are being formed/

Women’s soccer is now the fastest-growing sport in the country Equal opportunities - which allows women more chances to take part in sport Changing attitudes in schools - which now allows access to more sports for girls as part

of their timetabled provision Events are now open to women - which they were not allowed to compete in before/

e.g, marathons and distance events, pole vault.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.

Management and officials’ roles More provision equals more opportunities - and as more clubs and organisations are

formed/ more vacancies arise for women Equal opportunities - means that women are not now discriminated against/ and can

now have roles in male sports/ eg. Wendy Thoms and Karen Brady in soccer and female referees in snooker etc.

Accept the above plus any other suitable examples.[4]

Influence of socio-economic group

If socio-economic status is low you may less likely to participate in physical due to cost of coaching, equipment, kit and transport.

Certain activities tend to be more expensive to be involved in than others, e.g. ◦ Golf◦ Tennis◦ Skiing

VOCATIONS/CAREERS IN SPORT

Amateurs and Professionals

AmateursSomeone that takes part in a sport or an

activity as a pastime or hobby rather than for any financial gain.

They take part for the enjoyment factor, do not get paid for taking part and usually also have a

job

Professional Someone who takes part in a sport or an activity for their livelihood. They will get

paid for taking part and will do it as a full-time job

Semi-professional Someone who might have a job but who also

takes part in sport for payment. They would normally work full-time and play

sport in their spare time. Some may work part-time so they can train

and play over a longer period

Look at the sports below and decide what ‘code’ exists for each.

Sport Amateur ProfessionalSemi-Professional

Football

Athletics

Boxing

Rugby Union

Swimming

Gymnastics

/?

/?

Amateur or Professional?Amateur or Professional?

Amateur & Professional SportAmateur & Professional Sport

Golf

In most cases, amateurs and professionals do not compete together, although some sports are ‘open’ to both, for example:

Tennis

The status of each competitor is defined by the rules and regulations laid down by the governing body of the particular sport undertaken.

Open sport: An activity that allows both amateurs and professionals to compete together

Amateur SportThere are several loopholes and ways of getting help and assistance

that allow amateur players to receive money:

1. Sponsorship deals – the performer is given equipment, clothing, training facilities, free travel and even cash payments in return for endorsing a particular make or product

2. Occupations – a ‘job’ that includes a great deal of time off to train and compete

3. Expenses payments (e.g. Petrol) – these are often far more than the expenses actually incurred and are effectively just cash payments

4. Scholarships – universities and colleges offer sports scholarships, which then allow full-time sport to be carried out

5. Trust Funds – Some amateurs, particularly athletes can accept prize and appearance money, but it must be paid into a trust fund and used only to help them train and compete

Amateur Sport6. Lottery Grants – Talented sports

people can now qualify for financial support in the form of a lottery grant from UK Sport.Once again this is often dependant upon whether the sport you are involved in has been identified as a ‘target’ sport by UK Sport.

7. Understanding Employers – In some cases, an understanding employer may allow you time off to train and compete, seeing it as a good way of promoting their own business.Good examples of this include the Armed Forces.

Ways that amateurs can

receive payment

Sponsorship

Expenses paymentsScholarships

Lottery funding

Understanding employers

Trust funds

ShamateursSomeone who is officially an amateur but

accepts payments

Being a professional sportsperson

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

Professional sportspeople can become celebrities and live a lavish lifestyle

They can perfect their game.

They are paid to do something they enjoy.

They can normally afford to retire early.

Injury can ruin a sporting career, thereby cutting off the person's source of income.

There are always new, young competitors challenging for a top place, which can impose increasing stress levels on individuals to keep their place at the top.

The ability to maintain fitness and performance usually decreases with age; the sportspersons career may not be very long.

Once their sporting career is over, they may have few qualifications to do another job.

The origins of amateur and professional sport started in the class system, which consisted of upper, middle and lower class.

The HistoryThe History

In 1866 the Amateur Athletics Club was set up by a group of gentlemen from the upper classes.

In 1880 the club became the Amateur Athletics Association and it changed the word ‘amateur’ to mean someone who got no financial rewards from sport.

AthleticsAthletics

It was felt that the manual labour undertaken by the working classes made them stronger and gave them an advantage, so they were not allowed to take part.

The working classes could now take part, but in most cases could not afford to do so!

Professionals receive payment for playing and competing; it is their job or career.

ProfessionalsProfessionals

As a result, they often reach very high standards and compete withthe world’s best in their sport.

Originally many were working class men with talent, who were paid to compensate for time lost from work in order to compete. They would play and train full-time.

Professional Sumo Wrestlers in Japan

In recent years, changes have occurred in relation to the amateur and professional status of sport.

RugbyRugby

In 1895, rugby split into two separate codes:

Rugby Union Rugby League

Rugby League wanted to pay its players to make up for lost wages and so it became professional.

Example:

Rugby Union wanted to keep its amateur status and continued to offer its players no money for playing.

Rugby in 1895

In recent years, television producers started to pay large sums of money to both codes for the rights to broadcast games. This meant that the Rugby League players began to benefit from:

Salaries – Clubs were able to pay their talented players large sums of money for playing.

Training – Players were now more able to give up work and could begin to train full time, in better facilities and with help from coaches and other support staff.

Current Issues - RugbyCurrent Issues - Rugby

In 1995 the governing body of Rugby Union the Rugby Football Union (RFU), decided to allow teams to become professional. Players could now be paid to play.

Current Issues - RugbyCurrent Issues - Rugby

The Rugby Union players were allowed to receive ‘gifts’ including:

Expensive cars

They could not however, earn a proper salary because the sport remained amateur. As a result, many became extremely unhappy and even decided to change codes and make a living from their talent by playing Rugby League.

Expenses for playing and training

Current Issues - Athletics

All athletes are amateur in that they do not receive any direct payment for competing. However, in order to allow the top athletes to train and compete full-time they can accept certain benefits: Financial – Money can be passed into a trust fund for the

athlete to help cover their training, competing and living expenses. For example, living, travel, eating, clothing, equipment, coaching and so on.

Gifts – Athletes are also allowed to receive gifts for competing. Expensive cars are a good example of this.

Sponsorship – They can now receive large sums of sponsorship, but again it must be paid into a trust fund. Many athletes now endorse clothing or footwear, using their high profile as a way of earning a living through sponsorship. Those with less talent find this difficult.

The very elite athletes can compete in Grand Prix competitions, where they actually earn money by winning – are they really amateurs?

Jobs relating to Physical ActivityVocations (jobs) in sport

PERFORMER / PLAYER

FITNESS INSTRUCTOR / PERSONAL TRAINER

COACH

PE TEACHER

CHOREOGRAPHER

OFFICIAL

MANAGERCOACH

Jobs relating to Sports ScienceVocations (jobs) in sport

PHYSIOTHERAPIST

OSTEOPATH

FITNESS INSTRUCTOR / PERSONAL TRAINER

EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGIST /

RESEARCH SCIENTIST

NUTRITIONIST / DIETICIAN

SPORTS PSYCHOLOGIST

SPORTS BIOMECHANIST

HomeworkComplete Process C (Evaluating & Improve

sheet) for an activity of your choice

It must be for one of your main four activities.

Double awards candidates must do two