Transcription

Transcription Steps:1. RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds DNA.2. RNAP binds to promoter region.3. RNAP reads DNA and constructs mRNA.4. RNAP hits stop codon and releases mRNA.5. mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.

Cell Nucleus

Cell Nucleus

Cell Nucleus

Cell Nucleus

Cell Nucleus

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Cell Nucleus

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

Promoter Region

Coding Region

Termination Sequence

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

STEP 1: RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds DNA.

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

STEP 2: RNAP binds to promoter region.

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

STEP 3: RNAP reads DNA and constructs mRNA.

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

RNA Polymerase Opens the DNA Strand and replicates the mRNA strand.

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

RNA Polymerase Opens the DNA Strand and replicates the mRNA strand.

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

Start Codon

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

t

Start Codon

t

DNA Strand T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

t

Start Codon Stop Codon

STEP 4: RNAP hits stop codon and releases mRNA.

t

DNA StrandT = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

RNA Polymerase

Promoter Region Coding Region Termination Sequence

t

Start Codon Stop Codon

mRNA

t

Through Nuclear Pore

mRNA

t

Through Nuclear Pore

t

Through Nuclear Pore

t

Through Nuclear Pore

t

Through Nuclear Pore

t

Through Nuclear Pore

STEP 5: mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.

t

Through Nuclear Pore

STEP 5: mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.

t

Through Nuclear Pore

mRNA Strand

STEP 5: mRNA leaves nucleus and enters cytoplasm.

Translation

Translation Steps:1. rRNA forms ribosome.2. mRNA binds to ribosome.3. tRNA brings in anti-codon.4. Amindo acid attached to tRNA binds with

a peptide bond5. Ribosome hits stop codon and completes

the protein.

t

Through Nuclear Pore

mRNA Strand

The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm where translation takes place

Cytoplasm

t

Through Nuclear Pore

mRNA Strand

The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm where translation takes place

Cytoplasm Ribosome

t

Through Nuclear Pore

mRNA Strand

The mRNA is taken to the cytoplasm where translation takes place

Cytoplasm Ribosome

t

t

t

t

STEP 1: The rRNA forms a ribosome.

Ribosome

t

STEP 1: The rRNA forms a ribosome.

Ribosome

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.mRNA

t

STEP 1: The rRNA forms a ribosome.

Ribosome

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

Ribosome

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

STEP 2: The mRNA binds to the ribosome.

t

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.

Start Codon

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

The Ribosome starts the amino acid chain at the start codon.

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

STEP 3: tRNA brings in anti-codon.

tRNA

Amino Acid

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

STEP 3: tRNA brings in anti-codon.

The anticodon is made up from tRNA and binds to the matching mRNA strand. It takes up three bases at a time.

Anti-Codon

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

The ribosome creates a chemical reaction that forms the 2 amino acids together. The point that joins them is called the peptide bond.

Peptide Bond

STEP 4: Amino acid attached to tRNA binds with a peptide bond.

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

When the ribosome keeps going on the mRNA strand, the first tRNA falls off but the amino acid from it stays on.

t

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

This pattern continues until the ribosome gets to and reads the stop codon.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

Stop Codon

STEP 5: Ribosome hits stop codon and completes the protein.

T = GreenA = YellowG = RedC = OrangeU = Blue

The tRNA and ribosome falls off when it reaches the stop codon.

Methionine

Arginine

tyrosine

Asparticacid

serine

threonine

isoleucine

leucine

leucine

isoleucine

10 Amino Acids

10 Amino Acids

Completed Protein

Summary:RNA Polymerase binds and unwinds the DNA. Then the RNAP binds to the

promoter region and the RNAP read the DNA and constructs the mRNA. The polymerase goes down the DNA strand while constructing the mRNA until it hits the stop codon. Once it hits the stop codon, it releases the mRNA. From there, the mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes into the cytoplasm where it begins translation.

The rRNA forms a ribosome that binds to the mRNA strand. Once it is formed to the mRNA strand, the tRNA bring in the anti-codon. The matching anti-codon attaches with the mRNA strand at the start codon. When the next anti-codon comes, the two amino acids are bonded by a peptide bond. The first anti-codon and tRNA will leave, and a new one will come in and attach its amino acid together with the second one. This process continues until the ribosome reads the stop codon. When it reads the stop codon, the tRNA anti-codons fall off along with the ribosome, leaving a completed protein amino acid chain left.