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Protein Synthes

is Process

There are different steps in making a protein. The first step in building an amino acid chain is called transcription. This process takes place within the nucleus of a cell. During this process an enzyme called RNA Polymerase binds to a DNA strand.

To bind to the DNA it begins in an area called the promoter region. Once the RNA Polymerase is bound to the DNA strand it then begins to unwind the DNA, reading the the DNA nucleotides. While reading the DNA strand the RNA Polymerase synthesizes a single mRNA strand.

Once at the end of the DNA strand the RNA Polymerase breaks off. It is no longer needed for the rest of the protein synthesis process. The DNA strand is then reattached in the double helix structure that it originally was in.

The newly formed mRNA strand is the messenger RNA that carries the genetic code of DNA. It leaves the nucleus of the cell through a nuclear pore. The strand is now in the cytoplasm. This is where the next stage, translation, takes place.

In this stage no enzymes are needed. Instead there are different molecules that are used. Ribosomes and tRNA are both needed for this step.

A ribosome attaches to the mRNA strand at the start codon. tRNA carries an amino acid and anticodons. The tRNA carries an anticodon and amino acid to the corresponding nucleotides on the mRNA strand.

Two tRNA molecules are working in the ribosome at once. Once the third tRNA comes, the first one leaves, leaving behind the amino acid it carries and taking the anticodon. The amino acid bonds to the amino acid on another tRNA with a peptide bond.

The process continues. Once the ribosome reaches the stop codon, the process is over. There isn’t a tRNA for the stop codon, therefore there isn’t an amino acid that comes from it. The process simply just ends. The ribosome breaks off of the mRNA strand. The mRNA strand, the ribosome and the tRNA molecules are no longer needed.

Now all that is left is a polypeptide chain, formed by all the amino acids that linked together. The last step in protein synthesis is the folding of the polypeptide chain into a tertiary structure.

Observe the following steps to get a better understanding of protein

synthesis process.

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

Nucleus

Nucleus

DNA

Nucleus

DNA

TATT

TA A

T

A

AA T

C C

C C GG

GG

G CGC

AA

TT

CG

TA

T

T

T

A

A

TA

A A

TC

C

C

C

GG

G G

G

C

GCA

AT T

CG

TA

T

TT

A

A

TA

AA

TC

C

C

C

GG

GG

G

C

GC

A AT

TC

G

Nucleus

DNATATT

TA

A

T

A

AA T

C C

C C GG

GG

G CGC

AA

TT

CG

TA

T

T

T

A

A

TA

A A

TC

C

C

C

GG

G G

G

C

GCA

AT T

CG

TA

T

T

T

A

A

TA

AA

TC

C

C

C

GG

GG

G

C

GC

A AT

TC

G

Nucleus

DNA

TATT

TA A

T

A

AA T

C C

C C GG

GG

G CGC

AA

TT

CG

TA

T

T

T

A

A

TA

A A

TC

C

C

C

GG

G G

G

C

GCA

AT T

CG

TA

T

TT

A

A

TA

AA

TC

C

C

C

GG

GG

G

C

GC

A AT

TC

G

NucleusDNA

TT

TAT

A

AA

C C

C C GG

GG

G CGC

AA

TT

CG

T

T

T

AT

A

A A

C

C

C

GG

G G

G

C

GCA

AT T

CG

TA

T

TT

A

A

TA

AA

TC

C

C

C

GG

GG

G

C

GC

A AT

TC

G

DNATATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

CodonCodonCodonCodonCodon

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter RegionRNA Polymerase

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter RegionRNA Polymerase

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter Region

RNA Polymeras

e

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter Region

RNA Polymeras

e

A

UG

mRNA Strand

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter Region

RNA Polymeras

e

AU

G

mRNA Strand

GA

U

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter RegionA

U

GmRNA Strand

GA

U

RNA Polymeras

e

G

CA

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

Promoter RegionmRNA Strand

RNA Polymeras

e

AU

G

GA

UGCAC

CA

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG


RNA Polymeras

e

AU

G

GA

UGCAC

CA

UA

G

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG


RNA Polymeras

e

AU

G

GA

UGCAC

CA

UA

G

TATT

TA A

T

A

A

A T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG


AU

G

GA

UGCAC

CA

UA

G

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG


AUG

GAUGC

AC

C AUA

G

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

mRNA StrandAU

GG

AUGCA

CC A

UAG

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

mRNA StrandAU

GG

AUGCA

CC A

UAG

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

mRNA StrandAU

GG

AUGCA

CC A

UAG

TATT

TA

A

T

A

A

A

T

C C

C C GG

G

G

G CGC

A

AT

T

CG

AUG

GAUGC

AC

C AUA

G

TATT

TA

A

T

A

AA T

C C

C C GG

GG

G CGC

AA

TT

CG

AUG

GAUGC

AC

C AUA

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

TATT

TA A

T

A

AA T

C C

C C GG

GG

G CGC

AA

TT

CG

AUG

GAUGC

AC

C AUA

G

TA

T

T

T

A

A

TA

A A

TC

C

C

C

GG

G G

G

C

GCA

AT T

CG

TA

T

TT

A

A

TA

AA

TC

C

C

C

GG

GG

G

C

GC

A AT

TC

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUG

GAUGC

AC

C AUA

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUG

GAUGC

AC

C AUA

G

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUG

GAUGCA

CC AUAG

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUG

GAUGCA

CC AUAG

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUG

GAU

GCACC A

UAG

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUG

GAU

GCACC A

UAG

Nuclear PoreNucleus

Cytoplasm

A

UG

GA

UG

CAC

C A

UAG

Nuclear PoreNucleus

Cytoplasm

AUGG

AU

GC

A

C

CA

UAG

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

CC

AU

AG

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

CC

AU

AG

Nuclear Pore

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

RibosomesNucleus

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

AU

GGA

UG

C

A

C

CA

UA

G

Ribosomes

Nucleus

A

U

GGA

UG

C

A

C

CA

UA

G

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

AU

GGA

UG

C

A

C

CA

UA

G

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Nucleus

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

AU

GGA

UG

CA

C

CA

UA

G

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

AUGG

AU

GC

AC

CA

UAG

Ribosomes

Nucleus

Cytoplasm

A

UGG

A

UG

C

A

C

CA

UAG

Ribosomes

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G

StartCodonCodon Codon

CodonStopCodon

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Large Subunit

Small Subunit

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

C A U

tRNA

Amino Acid

Anticodon

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

C A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

C A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

C A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA UA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA UA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA UA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U CU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U CU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U CU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U CU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U CU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

CA U

A U CU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U CU G C

Peptide Bond

C A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CC A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CC A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CC A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CC A U

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CG U G

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CG U G

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

A U C

Peptide Bond

U G CG U G

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG U G A U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GUA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GUA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GUA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GUA U C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GU

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GU

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G GUU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GU

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GU

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

U G CG GU

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G GUU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G GUU G C

Cytoplasm Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G GU

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G U G

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G U G

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G U G

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

G U G

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

Cytoplasm

Ribosome

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

Cytoplasm

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide Bond

Cytoplasm

AUGGAUGCACC AUA

G


CodonStopCodon

Peptide BondPolypeptide Chain

Polypeptide Chain in Tertiary Structure

Protein

The End

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