FASTER, FASTER, FASTER: THE TRUE STORY OF A MOBILE ANALYTICS DATA MART ON HIVE

Mithun RadhakrishnanJosh Walters

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• Mithun Radhakrishnan• Hive Engineer at Yahoo• Hive Committer • Has an irrational fear of

spider monkeys• mithun@apache.org• @mithunrk

About myself

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RECAP

55 2015 Hadoop Summit, San Jose, California

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From: The [REDACTED] ETL teamTo: The Yahoo Hive TeamSubject: A small matter of size...

Dear YHive team,

We have partitioned our table using the following 6 partition keys: {hourly-timestamp, name, property, geo-location, shoe-size, and so on…}. For a given timestamp, the combined cardinality of the remaining partition-keys is about 10000/hr.

If queries on partitioned tables are supposed to be faster, how come queries on our table take forever just to get off the ground?

Yours gigantically, Project [REDACTED]

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ABOUT ME• Josh Walters• Data Engineer at Yahoo• I build lots of data pipelines• Can eat a whole plate of deep fried cookie

dough• http://joshwalters.com• @joshwalters

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WHAT IS THE CUSTOMER NEED?• Faster ETL

• Faster queries

• Faster ramp up

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CASE STUDY: MOBILE DATA MART• Mobile app usage data

• Optimize performance

• Interactive analytics

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LOW HANGING FRUIT• Tez Tez Tez!

• Vectorized query execution

• Map-side aggregations

• Auto-convert map join

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DATA PARTITIONING• Want thousands of partitions

• Deep data partitioning

• Difficult to do at scale

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DEEP PARTITIONING• Greatly helps with compression

• 2015 XLDB talk on methods used

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P-vrzYYdfL8

• http://www-conf.slac.stanford.edu/xldb2015/lightning_abstracts.asp

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SOLID STATE DRIVES• Didn’t really help

• Ended up CPU bound

• Regular drives are fine

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ORC!• Used in largest data systems

• 90% boost on sorted columns

• 30x compression versus raw text

• Fits well with our tech stack

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SKETCH ALL THE THINGS• Very accurate

• Can store sketches in Hive

• Union, intersection, difference

• 75% boost on relevant queries

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SKETCH ALL THE THINGSSELECT COUNT(DISTINCT id)FROM DB.TABLEWHERE ...; -- ~100 seconds

SELECT estimate(sketch(id))FROM DB.TABLEWHERE ...; -- ~25 seconds

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SKETCH ALL THE THINGSStandard Deviation 1 2 3

Confidence Interval 68% 95% 99%

K = 16 25% 51% 77%

K = 512 4% 8% 13%

K = 4096 1% 3% 4%

K = 16384 < 1% 1% 2%

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MORE SKETCH INFO• Summarization, Approx. and Sampling: Tradeoffs for Improving Query, Hadoop Summit, 2015

• http://datasketches.github.io

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ADVANCED QUERIES• Desire for complex queries

• Retention, funnels, etc

• A lot can be done with UDFs

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FUNNEL ANALYSIS• Complex to write, difficult to reuse

• Slow, requires multiple joins

• Using UDFs, now runs in seconds, not hours

• https://github.com/yahoo/hive-funnel-udf

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REALLY FAST OLAP• OLAP type queries are the most common

• Aggregate only queries: group, count, sum, …

• Can we optimize for such queries?

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OLAP WITH DRUID• Interactive, sub-second latency

• Ingest raw records, then aggregate

• Open source, actively developed

• http://druid.io

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BI TOOL• Many options

• Don’t cover all needs

• Need graphs and dashboards

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CARAVEL• Hive, Druid, Redshift, MySQL, …

• Simple query construction

• Open source, actively developed

• https://github.com/airbnb/caravel

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WHAT WE LEARNED• Product teams need custom data marts

• Complex to build and run

• Just want to focus on business logic

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DATA MART IN A BOX!• Generalized ETL pipeline

• Easy to spin-up

• Automatic continuous delivery

• Just give us a query!

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DATA MART ARCHITECTURE

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INFRASTRUCTURE WORK• We didn’t do this alone

• Partners in grid team fixed many pain points

Y!HIVE

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Dedicated Queue Metrics:

Shared Cluster Metrics:

Hive on Tez - Interactive Queries in Shared Clusters

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Increased Configurability or Increased complexity?

LOC

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• Out of the box:• Tez container reuse

• set tez.am.container.reuse.enabled=true;• Tez speculative execution

• set tez.am.speculation.enabled=true;• Reduce-side vectorization

• set hive.vectorized.execution.reduce.enabled=true;• set hive.vectorized.execution.reduce.groupby.enabled=true;

Performance Tuning

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• Understand your data:• Use ORC’s index-based filtering:

• set hive.optimize.index.filter=true;• Bloom filters

• ALTER TABLE my_orc SET TBLPROPERTIES(“orc.bloom.filter.columns”=“foo,bar”);• Cardinality?

• Sort on filter-column• Trade-offs: Parallelism vs. filtering

Performance Tuning

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• Understand your queries:• Prefer LIKE and INSTR over REGEXP*• Compile-time date/time functions:

• current_date()• current_timestamp()

• Queries generated from UI tools

Performance Tuning

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• Index-based filtering available to Pig / MR users• HCatLoader, HCatInputFormat

• Split-calculation improvements• Block-based BI• Parallel ETL

• Disabled dictionaries for Complex data types• OOMs

Performance Improvements - ORC

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• Skew Joins• Already solved for Pig• Hive for ETL• Current Hive solution: Explicit values. (Wishful thinking)• Poisson sampling

• Faster sorted-merge joins• Wide-tables• SpillableRowContainers

Performance Improvements - Joins

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• Improvements for data-discovery• HCatClient-based users• Oozie, GDM• 10x improvement

• Fetch Operator improvements:• SELECT * FROM partitioned_table LIMIT 100;• Lazy-load partitions

Performance Improvements – Various Sundries

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• Avro Format is popular• Self describing• Flexible• Generic• Quirky

• Intermediate stages in pipelines• Development

Performance Improvements: Hive’s AvroSerDe

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“There is no mature, no stable. The only constant is change… ... [Our] work on feeds often involves new columns, several times a day.”

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• AvroSerDe needs read-schema at job-runtime (i.e. map-side)• Stored on HDFS

• ETL Jobs need 10-20K maps• Replication factor• Data-node outage

• It gets steadily worse• Block-replication on node-loss• Task attempt retry• More nodes lost• Rinse and repeat

The Problem

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• Reconcile metastore-schema against read-schema?• toAvroSchema( fromAvroSchema( avroSchema )) != avroSchema

• Store schema in TBLPROPERTIES?• Cache read-schema during SerDe::initialize()

• Once per map-task• Prefetch read-schema at query-planning phase

• Once per job• Separate optimizer

The Solution

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• Row-oriented format• Skew-join• Stats storage

We’re not done yet

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• Team effort• Chris Drome• Selina Zhang• Michael Natkovich• Olga Natkovich• Sameer Raheja• Ravi Sankurati

Thanks

Q&A