Eric D. IsaacsDirectorArgonne National LaboratoryProfessor of Physics, The University of Chicago

* with Jeff Chamberlain, Mark Peters, Mike Thackeray, Khalil Amine

Energy Storage and US competitiveness*

Charged 2020San Diego, July 2-3, 2010

Three Messages

Technology Roadmap shows potential for gaining on world competition

Gap exists between what U.S. industry will commercialize now, and what is needed to overcome the competition

Department of Energy Laboratory system can deliver essential research, but the industry/laboratory interface must be optimized

Game-changing technology is on the map, but only now being developed in U.S.

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000

Practical specific energy (W-h/kg)

Th

eore

tica

l sp

ecif

ic e

ner

gy

(W-h

/kg

)

Pb-acid

Li/S

wheat

methanolLi/air

octane

Li-ion

Ni/MH

Practical

Source: Prof. J. Newman, LBNL

Overview of Technology RoadmapArgonne and Lawrence Berkeley Laboratories’ perspective

Short term, 0 to 3 years: Lithium Ion (commercial materials and processes)– Benefits: known, commercial technology; sufficient for initial PHEVs– Barriers: high capital investment (est. $1 K/kWh), lack of differentiating technology– Possibilities: manufacturing process innovations; automation, prismatic cells may be key ($0.3 K/kWh)

Mid term, 3 to 7 years: Advanced Lithium Ion (new materials and/or processes)

– Benefits: Higher-energy, safer materials discovered; now need commercial adoption– Barriers: developments needed, e.g., stability of electrode and electrolyte materials, and their

interface, at high and low potentials and temperatures– Possibilities: 1.5-2x the present performance in Lithium Ion batteries; serve as bridge to 10x

Long term, 7 to 20 years: New systems, e.g. Lithium-Air, Lithium-Sulfur– Benefits: game-changing, 5x – 10x storage capacity– Barriers: technological – numerous and difficult, both in materials and engineering– Possibilities: leadership position for U.S.; widespread adoption of electric vehicles

There are many ways to store energy

Energy storage:

ThermalLiquid N2, solar ponds

Electrochemicalbatteries, fuel cells, solar fuels

Potentialhydroelectric

Electricalcapacitors

Mechanicalcompressed air,spring, hydraulic

There are many types of batteries

Batteries:

NiCd

silver oxide

lead-acidalkaline

lithium

zinc-carbon

zinc-chloride

etc.

Li-ion

Ni-Fe

NiMH

NaMCl

Cost Life Safety

In addition to We need

Energy Power Efficiency

Transformational 21st century transportation Fully electrified United States transport system (cars & light trucks) will:

– Cut US oil consumption by 1/3 (7.2 million barrels oil/day)– 25% well-to-wheels reduction in carbon footprint

Need 5-10x improvement in battery energy density

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Energy Storage R&D at Argonne

Developing transformational energy storage systems that enable and enhance electric-drive vehicles and a green-energy grid through:

Electrical Energy Storage Development

Prototype & Manufacturing Process Engineering

Stationary Storage & Grid Management

Electric Transportation Systems

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The Storage ChallengeR&D on new technologies is needed now

Source: Amended from Product data sheetsby Dr. V. Srivinasan, LBNL

Acceleration

1

2

4

6

10

2

4

6

100

2

4

6

1000

Sp

ecifi

c E

ne

rgy

(Wh/

kg)

100 101 10 2 10 3 10 4

Specific Power (W/kg)

Lead -Acid

Capacitors

IC Engine

36 s0.1 h1 h

10 h

Ni-MH

Li-ion

Lead -Acid

Capacitors

Li-Air,Fuel Cells

IC Engine

36 s0.1 h1 h

10 h

Ni-MH

Li-ion

Lead-Acid

Capacitors

IC Engine

HEV goal

3.6 s36 s0.1 h1 h

10 h

100 h

Ni-MH

Li-Ion

Ran

ge

EV goal (EoL)

PHEV-10 (EoL)

PHEV-40 (EoL)

Na/NiCl2

Ragone Plot of Various Electrochemical Energy-Storage Devices

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How a Lithium Ion Battery Works; Definition of the Key Issues with this System

Li+ ion

Charge

Discharge

Positive Electrode: Layered oxidesSuch as LiCoO2, LiNiO2

LiNi1-xCoxO2 <-> yLi+ + Li1-yNi1-xCoxO2

Negative Electrode: Carbon

6C + Li <---> C6Li

Solid Electrolyte Interface

protects electrode from reacting with

electrolyte

Cathode (+) (-) Anode

Cell performance impacted by structured electrode materials and effective solid-electrolyte interface (SEI)

e-

527529531533535537Binding energy, eV

0%PF

13%PF

20%PF

54%PF27%PF

50%PF

131132133134135136137138139140141Binding energy, eV

P-F

P-O50%PF

27%PF

20%PF

0%PF

13%PF

LiPF6 salt incorporated with calendar life into interfacial film as well

Interface chemistry changes with calendar life, sitting on the shelf

SEM imageSNL325, 45°C, 80%SOC

Fundamental knowledge combined with analysis of the problems (e.g. cathode surface

film changes over time)

Fresh

XPS analysis area: 1 sq. mm.

MacLaren/Haasch

O1s XPS spectra show peak growth on aging

P2p XPS spectra show P-O bond changes on aging

Strategy: Embed inactive Li2MnO3 component within layered, active LiMO2 structure to stabilize the electrode and to reduce the oxygen activity at the surface of charged (delithiated) electrode particles

Concepts for new materials are developed

(M4+) (M3+ or M4+/M2+)

Li2MnO3 LiMO2 (M = Mn, Ni, Co)

MO6

octahedra

· = Li· = Li

Theories are tested using meaningful state-of-the art techniquese.g. Electrochemistry of a Composite Cathode Cell

Johnson et al., Argonne National Laboratory

Doubles capacity attainable with LiCoO3

90% of theoreticalvalue (262 mAh/g)

Stability of the material expressed as little to nocapacity fade

Effect of formation ofSEI is evident in the data

236

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Cycle Number

Sp

ec

ific

Ca

pa

cit

y (

mA

h/g

)

ChargeDischarge

4.8 - 2.75 V50 °C

i=0.25 mA/cm2

0.3Li2MnO3 0.7LiMn 0.5Ni0.5O2

Nano-primary particles

1µm10µm

secondary particles M

pHcontroller

Pump

Output

Metal solution

NH4OH solution

Na2CO3

M

pHcontroller

Pump

Output

Metal solution

NH4OH solution

Na2CO3

Amine et al., Argonne National Laboratory

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DOE Awarded Battery Energy Frontier Research CenterANL has experience and skills to take the next step in Li-ionGoal: to understand and tailor the interfaces in electrochemical cells

• Strategy: leverage Argonne’s user facilities, advanced quantum modeling capabilities and expertise in materials synthesis to explore self-healing interface configuration for cell performance recovery for advancing electrochemical storage beyond conventional lithium-ion materials through new material discoveries

4 nm C on TiO2 Carbon spheres from plastic waste

LiSi LixSi

First resultsLithographic

solutions

Autogenic reactions

Another look: game-changing technology is on the map, but only now being developed in U.S.

10

100

1000

10000

100000

10 100 1000 10000

Practical specific energy (W-h/kg)

Th

eore

tica

l sp

ecif

ic e

ner

gy

(W-h

/kg

)

Pb-acid

Li/S

wheat

methanolLi/air

octane

Li-ion

Ni/MH

Practical

Source: Prof. J. Newman, LBNL

The future beyond lithium-ion: Lithium-air

Potential for 10x the energy density of current batteries- specific energy: 11,000 Wh/kg (gasoline:13,000Wh/kg)

500-mile electric vehicles

Compatible interface membranes for

separations

Nanoporous carbons for transport and conductivity

Stable electrolytes with required ionic conductivity

Catalysts for making and breaking Li-O and O-O bonds

at specified energies

17

New catalyst for cathodeLi5FeO4 (Pbca)

Li Fe O

Johnson, Amine et al., Argonne National Laboratory

Western InterconnectGTMax Model

Representation

18

Energy storage and grid integration of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV’s)

New analysis initiated for DOE Four case studies at different levels of detail

– Western Interconnect, Illinois, New York power market, New England power market

Smoothing of aggregate loads over 24 hour period – energy management strategy

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0

30,000

60,000

90,000

120,000

150,000

180,000

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168

PHEV

Load

[MW

]

Tota

l Loa

d [M

W]

WECC April 2020 Aggressive PHEV Case:Charge When Arriving @ Home

PHEV Aggressive Baseload Base + PHEV Aggressive

0

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

30,000

0

30,000

60,000

90,000

120,000

150,000

180,000

0 24 48 72 96 120 144 168

PHEV

Load

[MW

]

Tota

l Loa

d [M

W]

WECC April 2020 Aggressive PHEV Case:Smart Charging

PHEV Aggressive SmartBaseloadBase + PHEV Aggressive Smart

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Laboratory - Industry collaboration could solve the problem

Good News– The labs are set up well to serve as foundation for R&D of

advanced battery concepts, including new chemistries, materials and systems

– Long-term technology programs funded by DOE– Energy Innovation Hubs, Energy Frontier Research

Centers (46; $250 M/yr), Exascale computing initiative

The opportunity– Optimize interface between the publicly-held Labs and

private industry – creativity and risk-taking is required on both sides to find the solution

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Ideas to consider

Subsidies to industry Tariffs Industry - Lab (CRADA) - University partnerships Cost-share between government and industry to fund research

Example Solution: Continue funding the labs to support R&D targeting optimized current, and next generation systems to be utilized by U.S. industry; establish funding from industry to ensure focus on outcome

isaacs@anl.gov21

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Discussion

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Argonne: Science-based Solutions to Global Challenges

Energy production, conversion, storage and use

National Security

Environmental Sustainability

Use-inspired science and engineering…

… Discovery and transformational science and engineering

Major User FacilitiesMaterials & Molecules

Short-Term Long-Term

SUV Car

Discharge Power, kW 45 38

Regen Power, kW 30 25

Available Energy, kWh (Charge-Depleting)Available Energy, Wh/kg

3.480-95

11.6140-160

Available Energy, kWh (Charge-Sustaining) 0.5 0.3

Range, miles 10 40

Battery Mass, kg 60 120

Cold Cranking Power*, kW 7

Cycle Life, Charge-Depleting Cycles 5,000 5,000

Calendar Life, years 15 15

Operating Temperature, oC -30 to 52

Selling Price**, $ 1,700 3,400

* Three 2s pulses at -30oC with 10s rest between pulses **Price based on 100,000 batteries/year production level

FreedomCAR PHEV Energy Storage GoalsB

arr

iers

Adequate abuse tolerance to meet FMVSS

Decision Science: Global, national, and regional energy systems

Challenges Projected 25% -30% growth in energy use by

2020 - demand management is key Renewable power requires management of

extremely complex energy flows Modernizing electric system is a substantial

undertaking

Argonne's approach Agent-based modeling Complex adaptive systems modeling

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http://www.oe.energy.gov/DocumentsandMedia/Electric_Vision_Document.pdf