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Electricity Options for the FutureRENEWABLE ENERGY

2 3-Aug-09

Want is Renewable Energy?

“Renewable Energy is energy which is renewable within a human lifetime and can be produced safely and equitably for all time with minimal impact on the environment and future

inhabitants”

CleanNon-pollutingSustainable

3 3-Aug-09

Why Renewable Energy

Climate change

Mandatory Renewable Energy Target(MRET – the 20/20 target)

Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme(CPRS)

Renewable Energy Development Program(REDP)

Solar Flagships

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Why is renewable energy such a ‘big ask’?

High cost

Risky

Lack of despatchability

Different

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Main Renewable Energy Types

Wind

Solar

Biomass

Wave

Geothermal

Tidal

MatureMature

MatureMature

MatureMature

DemonstrationDemonstration

EmergingEmerging

DemonstrationDemonstration

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WINDProven

Available nowThe cheapest renewable

VariableHighly visible

7 3-Aug-09

Most common design used nowadays is;

Three bladedUp-windHorizontal axisPitch controlledSteel, tubular towerEpoxy/polyester bladesVariable or constant speed

The Modern Wind Turbine

3-Aug-098Coral Bay (2007) – tilt down wind turbine

Photo courtesy Verve Energy

9 3-Aug-09

Wind Turbines Are Getting Bigger

Photos courtesy Verve Energy

30kW30kW 225kW225kW 225kW225kW 600kW600kW 600kW600kW1.8MW1.8MW

3-Aug-0910Cathedral Rocks, SA, 2004

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SOLAR

ProvenAvailable nowNext in line?

Predictable outputLoad coincident

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The Earth’s Sun Belt

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Solar Energy – Two Types

Photo VoltaicPV

Sunlight to Electricity

Concentrating Solar Power CSP

Sunlight to Heat to Electricity

HeatHeat

ElectricityElectricity

Solar ConcentratorSolar Concentrator

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Photovoltaics

Photovoltaics

PVSunlight to Electricity

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PhotoVoltaic (PV)

Flat Plate PV

Thin Film PV

Concentrating PV

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Solar Systems Ltd. Dish/ PV

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CSP

Concentrating Solar Power

CSPSunlight to Heat

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Main CSP Types

Central Receiver

Parabolic Dish Engine

ConcentratingLinear FresnelReflector

Parabolic Trough

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CSP - Parabolic Trough

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CSP - Parabolic Dish (Stirling Engine)

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Spain PS10 & PS20 Power Towers

Source: Koza1983

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A Giant Footprint

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Wave Energy

WAVE ENERGY

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Wave Energy

CONTACT CARNEGIE RE CONTACT CARNEGIE RE USEUSE

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Dry Hot Rocks

DRY HOT ROCKS

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Geothermal – “Hot Rocks”

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But it is not all good news

High Cost

Technology Risks

Intermittency

Energy Storage

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Costs

Capital Costvs

Energy Cost (Levelised Cost Of Energy)

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LCOE

$/kWh$/kWh

TimeTime

CoalGas

Wind

CSP

PV

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Technology Risks

Risk of scale-up

Cost overruns

Failure to meet performance targets

Failure to work

These risks affect project BANKABILITY

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DespatchabilityDespatchability

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

PredictabilityPredictability

Load FollowingLoad Following

Dance PartnerDance Partner

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The Holy Grail

Energy StorageEnergy Storage

ElectricityElectricity

HeatHeat

OtherOther

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Hot Salt – Thermal Energy Storage

SunlightElectricity

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In Conclusion

Future of renewables in WA

Early movers – wind & biomass

Next movers - solar and wave

Major challenges - cost and technology risk

There will be no single winner