Development Administration chapter 3 (UNPAS 2012)

Prof. Ginandjar Kartasasmita

Program Doktor Bidang Ilmu SosialUniversitas Pasundan

Bandung2012

PARADIGM 1:POLITICS/ADMINISTRATION

DICHOTOMY, 1900 – 1926

PARADIGM 2:THE PRINCIPLES OF

ADMINISTRATION, 1926 –1937

PERIOD OF ORTHODOXY

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT

BUREAUCRACY

POSDCORB

ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY

ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR

EVOLUTION OFPARADIGMS

PARADIGM 3:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A

POLITICAL SCIENCE, 1950 –1970

PUBLIC INTEREST

POST WORLD WAR II

MODERN BUREAUCRACY STATE

POLITICAL DIMENSION OFADMINISTATIVE STATE

PARADIGM 4:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASMANAGEMENT, 1956 – 1970

PARADIGM 5:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: 1970

EVOLUTION OFPARADIGMS

NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

REINVENTING GOVERNMENT

NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

NEW PUBLIC SERVICE

ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE

PARADIGM 6:FROM GOVERNMENT TOGOVERNANCE: 1990 -

THE FUTURE (?)DIGITAL (e) GOVERNANCE

POST MODERNISM

www.ginandjar.com 2S3-Unpas_2012

PUBLIC MANAGEMENT

GENERIC MANAGEMENT

TECHNO BUREAUCRATIC DIMENSION

THE BEGINNINGWOODROW WILSON'S FAMOUS 1887 ESSAY

THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION.

THE PUBLICATION OF WILSON’S ESSAY ISGENERALLY REGARDED AS THE BEGINNING OFPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS ASPECIFIC FIELDOF STUDY.

THE BEGINNINGWOODROW WILSON'S FAMOUS 1887 ESSAY

THE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATION.

THE PUBLICATION OF WILSON’S ESSAY ISGENERALLY REGARDED AS THE BEGINNING OFPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS ASPECIFIC FIELDOF STUDY.


PARADIGM 1:POLITICS/ADMINISTRATION DICHOTOMY, 1900-1926

AN EXAMINATION OF THE POLITICS-ADMINISTRATIONDICHOTOMY WAS OFFERED BY FRANK J. GOODNOWIN HIS BOOK, POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION (1900).TO GOODNOW, MODERN ADMINISTRATION

PRESENTED A NUMBER OF DILEMMAS INVOLVINGPOLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS THATHAD NOW SUPPLANTED THE TRADITIONAL CONCERNWITH THE SEPARATION OF POWERS AMONG THEVARIOUS BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT.

AN EXAMINATION OF THE POLITICS-ADMINISTRATIONDICHOTOMY WAS OFFERED BY FRANK J. GOODNOWIN HIS BOOK, POLITICS AND ADMINISTRATION (1900).TO GOODNOW, MODERN ADMINISTRATION

PRESENTED A NUMBER OF DILEMMAS INVOLVINGPOLITICAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FUNCTIONS THATHAD NOW SUPPLANTED THE TRADITIONAL CONCERNWITH THE SEPARATION OF POWERS AMONG THEVARIOUS BRANCHES OF GOVERNMENT.


PARADIGM 2:THE PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION,1926 – 1937

AFTER WORLD WAR I PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONCHANGED INEXORABLY.

THE UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE WERECHANGING FROM A RURAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETYTO AN URBAN INDUSTRIAL NATION.

THIS REQUIRED A CONSIDERABLE RESPONSE FROMPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BECAUSE SO MANY NEWFUNCTIONS AND PROGRAMMES WOULD BEESTABLISHED.

AFTER WORLD WAR I PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONCHANGED INEXORABLY.

THE UNITED STATES AND WESTERN EUROPE WERECHANGING FROM A RURAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETYTO AN URBAN INDUSTRIAL NATION.

THIS REQUIRED A CONSIDERABLE RESPONSE FROMPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BECAUSE SO MANY NEWFUNCTIONS AND PROGRAMMES WOULD BEESTABLISHED.


SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME WOODROW WILSON WAS

CALLING FOR A SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT, FREDERICK W.TAYLOR WAS INDEPENDENTLY CONDUCTING SOME OF HISFIRST EXPERIMENTS IN A PHILADELPHIA STEEL PLANT.

TAYLOR, GENERALLY CONSIDERED THE FATHER OFSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PIONEERED THE DEVELOPMENTOF TIME AND MOTION STUDIES.

HE WROTE THE RESULTS OF HIS STUDIES IN 1911 IN THEPRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.

SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT AT ABOUT THE SAME TIME WOODROW WILSON WAS

CALLING FOR A SCIENCE OF MANAGEMENT, FREDERICK W.TAYLOR WAS INDEPENDENTLY CONDUCTING SOME OF HISFIRST EXPERIMENTS IN A PHILADELPHIA STEEL PLANT.

TAYLOR, GENERALLY CONSIDERED THE FATHER OFSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PIONEERED THE DEVELOPMENTOF TIME AND MOTION STUDIES.

HE WROTE THE RESULTS OF HIS STUDIES IN 1911 IN THEPRINCIPLES OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT.


UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTMOVEMENT, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BECAMEINCREASINGLY CONCERNED WITH UNDERSTANDINGBUREAUCRATIC FORMS OF ORGANIZATION.

THE DIVISION OF LABOR; SPAN OF CONTROL;ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY AND CHAIN OF COMMAND;REPORTING SYSTEMS; DEPARTMENTALIZATION; AND THEDEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD OPERATING RULES,POLICIES, AND PROCEDURES BECAME CRITICAL CONCERNSTO SCHOLARS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE FIELD.

UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF THE SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENTMOVEMENT, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION BECAMEINCREASINGLY CONCERNED WITH UNDERSTANDINGBUREAUCRATIC FORMS OF ORGANIZATION.

THE DIVISION OF LABOR; SPAN OF CONTROL;ORGANIZATIONAL HIERARCHY AND CHAIN OF COMMAND;REPORTING SYSTEMS; DEPARTMENTALIZATION; AND THEDEVELOPMENT OF STANDARD OPERATING RULES,POLICIES, AND PROCEDURES BECAME CRITICAL CONCERNSTO SCHOLARS AND PRACTITIONERS IN THE FIELD.


POSDCORB IN 1937, LUTHER GULICK'S AND LYNDALL URWICK

EDITED A COLLECTION: PAPERS ON THE SCIENCE OFADMINISTRATION. OVERALL, THE PAPERS WERE ASTATEMENT OF THE STATE OF THE ART OFORGANIZATION THEORY.

IT WAS HERE THAT GULLICK INTRODUCED HIS FAMOUSMNEMONIC, POSDCORB WHICH STANDS FOR THESEVEN MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT-PLANNING, ORGANIZING, STAFFING, DIRECTING,COORDINATING, REPORTING, AND BUDGETING.

POSDCORB IN 1937, LUTHER GULICK'S AND LYNDALL URWICK

EDITED A COLLECTION: PAPERS ON THE SCIENCE OFADMINISTRATION. OVERALL, THE PAPERS WERE ASTATEMENT OF THE STATE OF THE ART OFORGANIZATION THEORY.

IT WAS HERE THAT GULLICK INTRODUCED HIS FAMOUSMNEMONIC, POSDCORB WHICH STANDS FOR THESEVEN MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF MANAGEMENT-PLANNING, ORGANIZING, STAFFING, DIRECTING,COORDINATING, REPORTING, AND BUDGETING.


WEBER’S IDEAL TYPE BUREAUCRACY (1922)1. BUREAUCRACY IS BASED UPON RULES WHICH ARE

ACCEPTED (IN BOARD TERMS) BY THE MEMBERS OF THEORGANIZATION.

2. BUREAUCRACY IS RELATIVELY COUNTINUOUS IN ITSOPERATION.

3. THE SPHERES OF COMPETENCE OF BUREAUCRATICADMINISTRATION ARE SPECIFIED.

4. BUREAUCRACY IS BASED UPON THE IDEA OF HIERARCHY.5. THE OFFICIALS ARE TRAINED SO THAT THE STRUCTURES

CAN FUNCTION IN THE WAYS INTENDED.

WEBER’S IDEAL TYPE BUREAUCRACY (1922)1. BUREAUCRACY IS BASED UPON RULES WHICH ARE

ACCEPTED (IN BOARD TERMS) BY THE MEMBERS OF THEORGANIZATION.

2. BUREAUCRACY IS RELATIVELY COUNTINUOUS IN ITSOPERATION.

3. THE SPHERES OF COMPETENCE OF BUREAUCRATICADMINISTRATION ARE SPECIFIED.

4. BUREAUCRACY IS BASED UPON THE IDEA OF HIERARCHY.5. THE OFFICIALS ARE TRAINED SO THAT THE STRUCTURES

CAN FUNCTION IN THE WAYS INTENDED.www.ginandjar.com 9S3-Unpas_2012

6. OFFICIALS IN BUREAUCRACY ARE NOT THEMSELVESOWNERS OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTIONS.

7. OFFICIALS DO NOT ‘OWN’ THEIR JOBS, THAT IS, THE JOBITSELF BELONGS TO THE ORGANIZATION, NOT TO THEINDIVIDUAL WHO HAPPENS TO BE OCCUPYING IT.

8. THE SUCCESSFUL AND COUNTINUING OPERATION OFBUREAUCRACY DEPENDS TO A LARGE EXTENT UPONWRITTEN RECORD.

6. OFFICIALS IN BUREAUCRACY ARE NOT THEMSELVESOWNERS OF THE MEANS OF PRODUCTIONS.

7. OFFICIALS DO NOT ‘OWN’ THEIR JOBS, THAT IS, THE JOBITSELF BELONGS TO THE ORGANIZATION, NOT TO THEINDIVIDUAL WHO HAPPENS TO BE OCCUPYING IT.

8. THE SUCCESSFUL AND COUNTINUING OPERATION OFBUREAUCRACY DEPENDS TO A LARGE EXTENT UPONWRITTEN RECORD.


CHARACTERISTICS OF WEBERIANBUREAUCRACY: IMPERSONAL FORMALISTIC RULE-BOUND HIGHLY DISCIPLINED

(ROSENBLOOM & KRAVCHUCK, 2005)

CHARACTERISTICS OF WEBERIANBUREAUCRACY: IMPERSONAL FORMALISTIC RULE-BOUND HIGHLY DISCIPLINED

(ROSENBLOOM & KRAVCHUCK, 2005)www.ginandjar.com 11S3-Unpas_2012

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ABRAHAM H. MASLOW (1908-1970), A PSYCHOLOGIST,

TOOK THE BASIC HAWTHORNE FINDING THATWORKERS ARE AS MUCH SOCIAL AS ECONOMICCREATURES A STEP FURTHER WHEN HE FIRSTPROPOSED HIS FAMOUS "NEEDS HIERARCHY" IN HIS1943 PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW ARTICLE, “A THEORY OFHUMAN MOTIVATION. “

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR ABRAHAM H. MASLOW (1908-1970), A PSYCHOLOGIST,

TOOK THE BASIC HAWTHORNE FINDING THATWORKERS ARE AS MUCH SOCIAL AS ECONOMICCREATURES A STEP FURTHER WHEN HE FIRSTPROPOSED HIS FAMOUS "NEEDS HIERARCHY" IN HIS1943 PSYCHOLOGICAL REVIEW ARTICLE, “A THEORY OFHUMAN MOTIVATION. “


ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY DURING THIS FORMATIVE PERIOD OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION, MOST OF THE FOCUS WAS ON INTERNALISSUES: MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PROBLEMS;ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND STRUCTURES; ANDBUDGETING AND PERSONNEL ISSUES.

HOWEVER, THERE WAS ALSO ONGOING A PROFOUNDDISCUSSION, OVER EXTERNAL ISSUES-SPECIFICALLY THECONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY.

BASICALLY THE ISSUES INVOLVED WERE HOW CAN WE ENSURETHAT GOVERNMENTAL ADMINISTRATION, IN PURSUIT OFBEING RESPONSIVE TO INTEREST GROUPS, EXECUTIVE ANDLEGISLATIVE FORCES, AND CONSTITUENCIES, WILL ACTLEGALLY AND RESPONSIBLY?

ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY DURING THIS FORMATIVE PERIOD OF PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION, MOST OF THE FOCUS WAS ON INTERNALISSUES: MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND PROBLEMS;ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND STRUCTURES; ANDBUDGETING AND PERSONNEL ISSUES.

HOWEVER, THERE WAS ALSO ONGOING A PROFOUNDDISCUSSION, OVER EXTERNAL ISSUES-SPECIFICALLY THECONCEPT OF ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY.

BASICALLY THE ISSUES INVOLVED WERE HOW CAN WE ENSURETHAT GOVERNMENTAL ADMINISTRATION, IN PURSUIT OFBEING RESPONSIVE TO INTEREST GROUPS, EXECUTIVE ANDLEGISLATIVE FORCES, AND CONSTITUENCIES, WILL ACTLEGALLY AND RESPONSIBLY?


PUBLIC INTEREST BUT THE CLASSIC OVERVIEW OF THIS PROBLEM OF

ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY CAMEFROM E. PENDLETON HERRING'S BOOK PUBIC ADMINISTRATIONAND THE PUBLIC INTEREST (1937).

HERRING EXAMINED THE PROBLEMS POSED BY THE DRAMATICINCREASE IN THE SCOPE OF GOVERNMENT AND THE INFLUENCEOF ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION.

HE ACCEPTED THAT LAWS PASSED BY LEGISLATURES,INSTITUTIONS DESIGNED FOR COMPROMISE, WERE NECESSARILYTHE PRODUCTS OF LEGISLATIVE COMPROMISE AND THUS OFTENSO VAGUE THAT THEY WERE IN NEED OF FURTHER DEFINITION.

PUBLIC INTEREST BUT THE CLASSIC OVERVIEW OF THIS PROBLEM OF

ADMINISTRATIVE RESPONSIBILITY AND ACCOUNTABILITY CAMEFROM E. PENDLETON HERRING'S BOOK PUBIC ADMINISTRATIONAND THE PUBLIC INTEREST (1937).

HERRING EXAMINED THE PROBLEMS POSED BY THE DRAMATICINCREASE IN THE SCOPE OF GOVERNMENT AND THE INFLUENCEOF ADMINISTRATIVE DISCRETION.

HE ACCEPTED THAT LAWS PASSED BY LEGISLATURES,INSTITUTIONS DESIGNED FOR COMPROMISE, WERE NECESSARILYTHE PRODUCTS OF LEGISLATIVE COMPROMISE AND THUS OFTENSO VAGUE THAT THEY WERE IN NEED OF FURTHER DEFINITION.



PERHAPS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK IN THEPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WORLD OF THE 1940s WASHERBERT SIMON'S.

HE URGED THAT A TRUE SCIENTIFIC METHOD BE USED INTHE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATIVE PHENOMENA, THAT THEPERSPECTIVE OF LOGICAL POSITIVISM BE USED INDEALING WITH QUESTIONS OF POLICY MAKING, ANDTHAT DECISION MAKING IS THE TRUE HEART OFADMINISTRATION.


PERHAPS THE MOST SIGNIFICANT LANDMARK IN THEPUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WORLD OF THE 1940s WASHERBERT SIMON'S.

HE URGED THAT A TRUE SCIENTIFIC METHOD BE USED INTHE STUDY OF ADMINISTRATIVE PHENOMENA, THAT THEPERSPECTIVE OF LOGICAL POSITIVISM BE USED INDEALING WITH QUESTIONS OF POLICY MAKING, ANDTHAT DECISION MAKING IS THE TRUE HEART OFADMINISTRATION.


PARADIGM 3:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS A POLITICAL SCIENCE,1950-1970 BY THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, PUBLIC

ADMINISTRATION IN THE U.S. AND OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIESHAD BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO A MODERN BUREAUCRATICSTATE.

BUT THE PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION AS ESPOUSED BYSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PROVED TO BE INCREASINGLYINADEQUATE WHEN GAUGED AGAINST THE SIZE ANDCOMPLEXITY OF MODERN GOVERNMENTS.

IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD, NEW CHALLENGES TO THETRADITIONAL THEMES OF ADMINISTRATION PREVAILED.

MOST PROMINENT WERE THE FAMILIAR ISSUES OF THE NATUREAND EFFECTS OF BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS AND THEPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW ADMINISTRATIVE STATE.

BY THE END OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR, PUBLICADMINISTRATION IN THE U.S. AND OTHER WESTERN COUNTRIESHAD BEEN TRANSFORMED INTO A MODERN BUREAUCRATICSTATE.

BUT THE PRINCIPLES OF ADMINISTRATION AS ESPOUSED BYSCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT PROVED TO BE INCREASINGLYINADEQUATE WHEN GAUGED AGAINST THE SIZE ANDCOMPLEXITY OF MODERN GOVERNMENTS.

IN THE POSTWAR PERIOD, NEW CHALLENGES TO THETRADITIONAL THEMES OF ADMINISTRATION PREVAILED.

MOST PROMINENT WERE THE FAMILIAR ISSUES OF THE NATUREAND EFFECTS OF BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS AND THEPOLITICAL DIMENSIONS OF THE NEW ADMINISTRATIVE STATE.


PARADIGM 4:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS MANAGEMENT,1956-1970

PARTLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SECOND-CLASSCITIZENSHIP STATUS IN A NUMBER OF POLITICALSCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF UNIVERSITIES, SOMEPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONISTS BEGAN SEARCHINGFOR AN ALTERNATIVE.

THE MANAGEMENT OPTION —WHICH SOMETIMESIS CALLED "ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE" OR"GENERIC MANAGEMENT“— WAS A VIABLEALTERNATIVE FOR A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OFSCHOLARS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.

PARTLY BECAUSE OF THEIR SECOND-CLASSCITIZENSHIP STATUS IN A NUMBER OF POLITICALSCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF UNIVERSITIES, SOMEPUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONISTS BEGAN SEARCHINGFOR AN ALTERNATIVE.

THE MANAGEMENT OPTION —WHICH SOMETIMESIS CALLED "ADMINISTRATIVE SCIENCE" OR"GENERIC MANAGEMENT“— WAS A VIABLEALTERNATIVE FOR A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OFSCHOLARS IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION.


PARADIGM 5:PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AS PUBLICADMINISTRATION: 1970 –

IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS OCCURRED INTHE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HAD THE EFFECT OFENCOURAGING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SCHOLARS TORECONSIDER THEIR LINKAGES WITH POLITICAL SCIENCE.

THE FIRST, WAS THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGYAND PUBLIC POLICY. THESE PROGRAM WERE THEINTELLECTUAL FORERUNNERS OF A LATER AND DEEPERSCHOLARLY INTEREST IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENKNOWLEDGE AND POWER, BUREAUCRACY AND DEMOCRACY,TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATEDTECHNOBUREAUCRATIC DIMENSIONS.

IMPORTANT INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENTS OCCURRED INTHE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION HAD THE EFFECT OFENCOURAGING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SCHOLARS TORECONSIDER THEIR LINKAGES WITH POLITICAL SCIENCE.

THE FIRST, WAS THE EMERGENCE OF SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGYAND PUBLIC POLICY. THESE PROGRAM WERE THEINTELLECTUAL FORERUNNERS OF A LATER AND DEEPERSCHOLARLY INTEREST IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEENKNOWLEDGE AND POWER, BUREAUCRACY AND DEMOCRACY,TECHNOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT, AND RELATEDTECHNOBUREAUCRATIC DIMENSIONS.


SECOND, THE RETURN OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT FIELD OFSTUDY HAS BEEN STRENGTHENED BY THEDEVELOPMENT OF NEW THINKING IN THE FIELD,GIVING NEW MEANING, DIRECTION AND PURPOSEIN THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASWELL AS IN ITS PRACTICAL APLICATION, SUCH AS:NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, REINVENTINGGOVERNMENT, NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT,NEW PUBLIC SERVICE.

SECOND, THE RETURN OF PUBLICADMINISTRATION AS AN INDEPENDENT FIELD OFSTUDY HAS BEEN STRENGTHENED BY THEDEVELOPMENT OF NEW THINKING IN THE FIELD,GIVING NEW MEANING, DIRECTION AND PURPOSEIN THE STUDY OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION ASWELL AS IN ITS PRACTICAL APLICATION, SUCH AS:NEW PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, REINVENTINGGOVERNMENT, NEW PUBLIC MANAGEMENT,NEW PUBLIC SERVICE.


PARADIGM 6:FROM GOVERNMENT TO GOVERNANCE

ETYMOLOGICALLY, GOVERNANCE CAN BE TRACEDBACK TO THE GREEK VERB KUBERNÂN (TO PILOTOR STEER) AND WAS USED BY PLATO WITHREGARD TO HOW TO DESIGN A SYSTEM OF RULE.THE GREEK TERM GAVE RISE TO THE MEDIEVALLATIN GUBEMARC, WHICH HAS THE SAMECONNOTATION OF PILOTING RULE-MAKING ORSTEERING.

ETYMOLOGICALLY, GOVERNANCE CAN BE TRACEDBACK TO THE GREEK VERB KUBERNÂN (TO PILOTOR STEER) AND WAS USED BY PLATO WITHREGARD TO HOW TO DESIGN A SYSTEM OF RULE.THE GREEK TERM GAVE RISE TO THE MEDIEVALLATIN GUBEMARC, WHICH HAS THE SAMECONNOTATION OF PILOTING RULE-MAKING ORSTEERING.


WHY GOVERNANCE, AND NOT MERELY GOVERNMENT?

GOVERNANCE IS A BROADER AND MORE FUNDAMENTALCONCEPT THAN THAT OF GOVERNMENT ALONE.

THE CONCERN IS WITH THE LINKS BETWEEN PARTS OF THEPOLITICAL SYSTEM AS WITH THE INSTITUTIONSTHEMSELVES.

PROBLEM OF MODERN GOVERNANCE IS NOT SO MUCH ANINSUFFICIENCY OF INSTRUMENTS RELATIVE TO THECHANGING ON OBJECTIVES, BUT RATHER THE DEGREE OFINCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN OBJECTIVES .

WHY GOVERNANCE, AND NOT MERELY GOVERNMENT?

GOVERNANCE IS A BROADER AND MORE FUNDAMENTALCONCEPT THAN THAT OF GOVERNMENT ALONE.

THE CONCERN IS WITH THE LINKS BETWEEN PARTS OF THEPOLITICAL SYSTEM AS WITH THE INSTITUTIONSTHEMSELVES.

PROBLEM OF MODERN GOVERNANCE IS NOT SO MUCH ANINSUFFICIENCY OF INSTRUMENTS RELATIVE TO THECHANGING ON OBJECTIVES, BUT RATHER THE DEGREE OFINCOMPATIBILITY BETWEEN OBJECTIVES .


Technology

Development Administration chapter 3 (UNPAS 2012)