Critical thinking tools cdrom2

Copyright © 2006 PE Resources LimitedCopyright © 2006 PE Resources Limited

Critical thinking tools for Critical thinking tools for essay writing and essay writing and

assignments.assignments.

Copyright © 2006 PE Resources Limited

ThinkingThinking

►ThinkingThinking is about using creative, is about using creative, critical, metacognitive, and reflective critical, metacognitive, and reflective processes to make sense of and question processes to make sense of and question information, experiences, and ideas. information, experiences, and ideas. These processes can be applied to These processes can be applied to research, organisation, and evaluation research, organisation, and evaluation for all kinds of purposes – developing for all kinds of purposes – developing understanding, making decisions, understanding, making decisions, shaping actions, or constructing shaping actions, or constructing knowledge. Intellectual curiosity is at knowledge. Intellectual curiosity is at the heart of this competency. the heart of this competency.


Thinking cont…Thinking cont…

►Students who have well-developed Students who have well-developed thinking skills are active seekers, thinking skills are active seekers, users, and creators of knowledge. users, and creators of knowledge. They reflect on their own learning, They reflect on their own learning, draw on personal knowledge and draw on personal knowledge and intuitions, ask questions, and intuitions, ask questions, and challenge the basis of assumptions challenge the basis of assumptions and perceptions.and perceptions.


ThinkingThinking

► The major focus of this unit will be critical The major focus of this unit will be critical thinking.thinking.

► How to write essays.How to write essays.► How to use gathered information.How to use gathered information.► How to read and understand questions.How to read and understand questions.► How to quote.How to quote.► You will draw on knowledge from specific You will draw on knowledge from specific

topics of Physical Education.topics of Physical Education.


Edward de BonoEdward de Bono

►We will be using a format for essay We will be using a format for essay writing that is based on Edward de writing that is based on Edward de Bono’s Six Thinking hats.Bono’s Six Thinking hats.

►We will also look at other ways to think We will also look at other ways to think critically from a variety of resources.critically from a variety of resources.


Ideas for ThinkingIdeas for Thinking


Six Thinking Hats.Six Thinking Hats.

►Edward de Bono stated “The main Edward de Bono stated “The main difficulty with thinking is confusion. We difficulty with thinking is confusion. We try to do too much at once. Emotions, try to do too much at once. Emotions, information, logic, hope and creativity information, logic, hope and creativity all crowd in on us.” all crowd in on us.” http://www.edwdebono.com/http://www.edwdebono.com/

►We are going to use his thinking hats We are going to use his thinking hats to structure our thinking and help us to structure our thinking and help us to think critically.to think critically.


ThoughtThought

►There are many people who believe that There are many people who believe that if you get enough information then the if you get enough information then the information will do your thinking for you. information will do your thinking for you.

►© Edward de Bono, 1994. "Parallel © Edward de Bono, 1994. "Parallel Thinking"Thinking"Published by Penguin Viking Books 1994.Published by Penguin Viking Books 1994.


Teaching of ThinkingTeaching of Thinking –what –what De Bono has to say… De Bono has to say…

► ““I was recently speaking at a conference in the UK I was recently speaking at a conference in the UK organised by the Atkey organisation and focusing on organised by the Atkey organisation and focusing on the teaching of thinking - in particular my Six Hats the teaching of thinking - in particular my Six Hats method. It was most interesting to see what was method. It was most interesting to see what was happening at all different levels of schools: primary, happening at all different levels of schools: primary, secondary, special needs etc. secondary, special needs etc.

► If you ask someone to think about something, what If you ask someone to think about something, what happens? The person gives an immediate emotional happens? The person gives an immediate emotional response and then uses argument to support that response and then uses argument to support that point of view. Or, there is association around the point of view. Or, there is association around the idea. The astonishing thing is that we have no natural idea. The astonishing thing is that we have no natural framework for thinking about something. Our minds framework for thinking about something. Our minds just wander and stop at interesting points.just wander and stop at interesting points.”” http://www.edwdebono.com/http://www.edwdebono.com/


Teaching of ThinkingTeaching of Thinking

►The Six Hats Method was originally The Six Hats Method was originally designed as a way of assessing ideas designed as a way of assessing ideas so that we do not simply use our so that we do not simply use our critical thinking mode. In practice, the critical thinking mode. In practice, the framework is now used very much framework is now used very much more widely: for exploring a subject; more widely: for exploring a subject; for creative and constructive thinking; for creative and constructive thinking; for discussions etc.for discussions etc.

► http://www.edwdebono.com/http://www.edwdebono.com/


White hat-overviewWhite hat-overview

►White hat is neutral and objective. The White hat is neutral and objective. The white hat is concerned with objective white hat is concerned with objective facts and figures.facts and figures.

►We will use this after the introduction We will use this after the introduction of the essay. (Which will be written at of the essay. (Which will be written at the end of your essay/assignment).the end of your essay/assignment).



Introduction-Why at the end?Introduction-Why at the end?

► It is easy to write an introduction of It is easy to write an introduction of what you are going to cover and then what you are going to cover and then head off on a tangent. Therefore you head off on a tangent. Therefore you will write the introduction at the end will write the introduction at the end when you know exactly what you have when you know exactly what you have covered and in what order.covered and in what order.


Yellow Hat-overviewYellow Hat-overview

►The yellow hat is sunny and positive. The yellow hat is sunny and positive. The yellow hat is optimistic and covers The yellow hat is optimistic and covers hope and positive thinking.hope and positive thinking.

►Using the yellow hat you will agree Using the yellow hat you will agree with the idea that has been put with the idea that has been put forward by the question. You will back forward by the question. You will back this up with evidence and quotes.this up with evidence and quotes.



Black hat-overviewBlack hat-overview

► Black hat is sombre and serious. The black Black hat is sombre and serious. The black hat is cautious and careful. It points out hat is cautious and careful. It points out weakness of the idea or issue.weakness of the idea or issue.

► This hat is extremely important in critical This hat is extremely important in critical thinking, which is the basis of the excellence thinking, which is the basis of the excellence level of achievement for some of the level 3 level of achievement for some of the level 3 standards and the scholarship standard standards and the scholarship standard through critical evaluation and examination.through critical evaluation and examination.

► This will contradict the question and yellow This will contradict the question and yellow hat thinking.hat thinking.



Green Hat-overviewGreen Hat-overview

►Green is grass, vegetation and Green is grass, vegetation and abundant, fertile growth. The hat abundant, fertile growth. The hat indicates creativity and new ideas.indicates creativity and new ideas.

►You will give some creative You will give some creative alternatives or ideas on action on the alternatives or ideas on action on the question/issue.question/issue.



Red Hat-overviewRed Hat-overview

►Red hat suggests anger (seeing red), Red hat suggests anger (seeing red), rage, emotions. The red hat gives the rage, emotions. The red hat gives the emotional view.emotional view.

►You will state your own emotions on You will state your own emotions on the question issue just before the the question issue just before the conclusion.conclusion.



Blue Hat-overviewBlue Hat-overview

►Blue is cool, it is also the colour of the Blue is cool, it is also the colour of the sky, which is above everything else. sky, which is above everything else. The blue hat is concerned with control, The blue hat is concerned with control, the organisation of the thinking the organisation of the thinking process and the use of the other hats. process and the use of the other hats.

►We will use this at the beginning and We will use this at the beginning and end of our essay for introduction and end of our essay for introduction and conclusion as well as the over all conclusion as well as the over all structure of our thinking.structure of our thinking.



Taking each hat furtherTaking each hat further


White Hat White Hat

► What information do we have?What information do we have?► What information do we need?What information do we need?► What information is missing?What information is missing?► What questions do we need to ask?What questions do we need to ask?► How are we going to get the information we need?How are we going to get the information we need?► The information can range from hard facts and The information can range from hard facts and

figures that can be checked to soft information like figures that can be checked to soft information like opinions and feelings. If you express your own opinions and feelings. If you express your own feeling, that is red hat, but if you report on feeling, that is red hat, but if you report on someone else expressing a feeling that is white hat.someone else expressing a feeling that is white hat.


White HatWhite Hat

Even though what you are using are facts there is a Even though what you are using are facts there is a spectrum of likelihood to cover truth of factsspectrum of likelihood to cover truth of facts

► Always trueAlways true► Usually trueUsually true► Generally trueGenerally true► By and largeBy and large► More often than notMore often than not► About half of the timeAbout half of the time► OftenOften► Sometimes trueSometimes true► Occasionally trueOccasionally true► Been known to happenBeen known to happen► Never trueNever true► Cannot be trueCannot be true


Yellow HatYellow Hat

► Think of sunshine. Think of optimismThink of sunshine. Think of optimism► Under the yellow hat a thinker deliberately sets out Under the yellow hat a thinker deliberately sets out

to find whatever benefit there may be in a to find whatever benefit there may be in a suggestion/issue.suggestion/issue.

► Focus on the benefits.Focus on the benefits.► Constructive thinking and making things happen.Constructive thinking and making things happen.► Why do you think it will happen this way?Why do you think it will happen this way?► Background reasons for the optimism.Background reasons for the optimism.► Looking into the future.Looking into the future.► The best possible solution.The best possible solution.


Black HatBlack Hat

► The black hat is the hat of caution. The black The black hat is the hat of caution. The black hat is for being careful. The black hat is the hat is for being careful. The black hat is the basis of critical thinking.basis of critical thinking.

► The black hat points out how something does The black hat points out how something does not fit our resources, our policy, our strategy, not fit our resources, our policy, our strategy, our ethics, our values, and so forth.our ethics, our values, and so forth.

► How something does not fit into our How something does not fit into our experience.experience.

► Why something may not work.Why something may not work.► Pointing out difficulties and problems.Pointing out difficulties and problems.► Staying within the law and ethics.Staying within the law and ethics.► Keeping to values and ethics.Keeping to values and ethics.


Black HatBlack Hat

► Point out errors in thinking.Point out errors in thinking.► Question the strength of the evidence.Question the strength of the evidence.► Does the conclusion follow?Does the conclusion follow?► Is it the only possible conclusion.Is it the only possible conclusion.► Use remarks like..Use remarks like..► That remark you made is an assumption, not a fact.That remark you made is an assumption, not a fact.► That is only one possible explanation. But it is by no That is only one possible explanation. But it is by no

means the only one.means the only one.► That is indeed a possibility. But you have not That is indeed a possibility. But you have not

proved it is a certainty.proved it is a certainty.


Green HatGreen Hat

► The green hat is the energy hat. The green hat is the The green hat is the energy hat. The green hat is the creativity hat.creativity hat.

► Under the green hat we put forward new ideas. Under the green hat we put forward new ideas. Under the green hat we lay out options and Under the green hat we lay out options and alternatives.alternatives.

► Under the green hat you are permitted to put Under the green hat you are permitted to put forward ‘possibilities’.forward ‘possibilities’.

► Without possibilities you cannot make progress.Without possibilities you cannot make progress.► New ideas, new concepts and new perceptions.New ideas, new concepts and new perceptions.► The deliberate creation of new ideas.The deliberate creation of new ideas.► Change.Change.


Green HatGreen Hat

► New approaches to problems.New approaches to problems.► Using an idea as a stepping stone.Using an idea as a stepping stone.► The forward effect of an idea.The forward effect of an idea.► Eg here is a suggestion, hypothesis.Eg here is a suggestion, hypothesis.► Use ideas as a provocation.Use ideas as a provocation.► Make a thought provoking statement.Make a thought provoking statement.► Occasionally we need to challenge the Occasionally we need to challenge the

framework.framework.


Red HatRed Hat

► It is important when thinking critically It is important when thinking critically you also state your own opinion.you also state your own opinion.

►Think of fire think of warmth. Think of Think of fire think of warmth. Think of feelings. Using the red hat gives you an feelings. Using the red hat gives you an opportunity to express feelings, emotions opportunity to express feelings, emotions and intuition without any need to explain and intuition without any need to explain or to justify them.or to justify them.

►You may say..You may say..► I feel..I feel..►My intuition tells me…My intuition tells me…


Red HatRed Hat

► Red hat is the opposite of neutral, objective Red hat is the opposite of neutral, objective information.information.

► Hunches, intuitions, impressions.Hunches, intuitions, impressions.► No need to justify.No need to justify.► No need to give reasons or the basis.No need to give reasons or the basis.► Eg ..a lot of the research shows that an Eg ..a lot of the research shows that an

obesity epidemic is occurring in New obesity epidemic is occurring in New Zealand, but my intuition tells me that we Zealand, but my intuition tells me that we are being conned into believing this. are being conned into believing this.


Blue HatBlue Hat

►Think of the blue sky above. Think of Think of the blue sky above. Think of ‘‘overviewoverview’’. The blue hat is for thinking . The blue hat is for thinking about thinking.about thinking.

►The blue hat is for the management of The blue hat is for the management of thinking, organisation and process control.thinking, organisation and process control.

►You will use this to structure your essay, as You will use this to structure your essay, as well as for the introduction and the well as for the introduction and the conclusion.conclusion.

►You will cover all areas of thinking eg You will cover all areas of thinking eg suggestion, judgment, criticism, suggestion, judgment, criticism, information and plain emotion.information and plain emotion.


Blue HatBlue Hat

►You will ask the right question.You will ask the right question.►Define the problem.Define the problem.►Work out what the question is asking Work out what the question is asking

you.you.►Summarise and conclude eg I am Summarise and conclude eg I am

going to go through the major points going to go through the major points that I have discussed.that I have discussed.


Other factors and thinking that Other factors and thinking that should be used in essay writing.should be used in essay writing.

►There are many different ways that There are many different ways that you should write dependant on how you should write dependant on how the question or issue has been put to the question or issue has been put to you. The thinking hats are a good way you. The thinking hats are a good way to structure your thinking in essay to structure your thinking in essay writing, but there are also other types writing, but there are also other types of thinking and challenges that need of thinking and challenges that need to take place in the body of the essay.to take place in the body of the essay.


Sweeping GeneralisationsSweeping Generalisations

► It is usually difficult to agree with sweeping It is usually difficult to agree with sweeping generalisations. However, you should generalisations. However, you should acknowledge where they have been used or acknowledge where they have been used or where you may use them.where you may use them.

► Eg All teenagers are lazy and do not want to Eg All teenagers are lazy and do not want to take part in physical activity. Could become…A take part in physical activity. Could become…A sweeping generalisation is often used to call sweeping generalisation is often used to call teenagers lazy, however, for some activity teenagers lazy, however, for some activity levels do decrease and this is influenced by a levels do decrease and this is influenced by a number of possible factors eg taking up number of possible factors eg taking up employment, higher academic pressures etc…employment, higher academic pressures etc…


How to agree with ideas/issues How to agree with ideas/issues (yellow hat)(yellow hat)

► Genuinely find points of agreement in what Genuinely find points of agreement in what the other person is saying.the other person is saying.

► See if there are any circumstances in which See if there are any circumstances in which the other personthe other person’’s views might be right. Spell s views might be right. Spell out such circumstances and show your out such circumstances and show your agreement under those circumstances.agreement under those circumstances.

► Acknowledge the value of someoneAcknowledge the value of someone’’s special s special experience and treat this as a strong experience and treat this as a strong possibility but not necessarily complete.possibility but not necessarily complete.

► Reject a sweeping generalisation but see Reject a sweeping generalisation but see whether you agree with any of the whether you agree with any of the implications or any aspect of the implications or any aspect of the generalisation.generalisation.


How to disagree. (Black hat)How to disagree. (Black hat)

► Politeness. There are ways to go about Politeness. There are ways to go about challenging a statement or issue wording is challenging a statement or issue wording is important.important.

► Eg there might be another way of looking at it.Eg there might be another way of looking at it.► How about this possibility.How about this possibility.► I can think of an alternative explanation.I can think of an alternative explanation.► That is only one of many alternativesThat is only one of many alternatives► That fits your experience. However,..That fits your experience. However,..► That fits your values, However,..That fits your values, However,..► That is based on emotions and prejudice.That is based on emotions and prejudice.


Extrapolation.Extrapolation.►Like a sweeping generalisation, Like a sweeping generalisation,

extrapolations need to be treated with extrapolations need to be treated with caution.caution.

►Extrapolation means taking a trend forward Extrapolation means taking a trend forward and assuming the trend will continue.and assuming the trend will continue.

►Eg ..by the year 2020 our whole population Eg ..by the year 2020 our whole population will be obese if the obesity trend continues.will be obese if the obesity trend continues.

►Point out the dangers and assumptions in Point out the dangers and assumptions in this statement.this statement.


How to disagree continued.How to disagree continued.► You may need to point out the errors of logic or to You may need to point out the errors of logic or to

show that a conclusion does not necessarily show that a conclusion does not necessarily follow from what went before.follow from what went before.

► Where emotions, prejudices and stereotypes Where emotions, prejudices and stereotypes appear to be used, you may want to indicate this.appear to be used, you may want to indicate this.

► Almost always you will want to challenge Almost always you will want to challenge sweeping generalisations.sweeping generalisations.

► You will want to challenge conclusions based on You will want to challenge conclusions based on extreme extrapolations into the future.extreme extrapolations into the future.

► It is very important to challenge ‘certainty’ and to It is very important to challenge ‘certainty’ and to suggest ‘possibility’ instead.suggest ‘possibility’ instead.


How to differ.How to differ.

► I believe that you are looking at it from this point I believe that you are looking at it from this point of viewof view……and I am looking at it from this point of and I am looking at it from this point of viewview……

► We are using different sets of values. My values We are using different sets of values. My values are as followsare as follows…… Your values seem to be Your values seem to be ……..

► The difference may arise from differing personal The difference may arise from differing personal experience. My experience has beenexperience. My experience has been…… Your Your experience may have been differentexperience may have been different……..

► Eg Even though research has shown there is Eg Even though research has shown there is increasing inactivity in 14-17 yr olds in New increasing inactivity in 14-17 yr olds in New Zealand as shown in theZealand as shown in the………….at my school 87% of .at my school 87% of students are actively involved in sports teams. students are actively involved in sports teams. However, our school is a independent school in a However, our school is a independent school in a higher socioeconomichigher socioeconomic…………


How to be interesting (Green How to be interesting (Green Hat)Hat)

► Using the ‘what if?’ technique can open up new Using the ‘what if?’ technique can open up new possibilities and new lines of thought.possibilities and new lines of thought.

► Finding and making connections links matters Finding and making connections links matters together and generates interest.together and generates interest.

► Provocation is a useful way to force new ideas. You Provocation is a useful way to force new ideas. You put forward a statement you know is wrong or put forward a statement you know is wrong or impossible in order to provoke new thinking.impossible in order to provoke new thinking.

► Eg Obesity is not on the rise in New Zealand. Do Eg Obesity is not on the rise in New Zealand. Do you know anyone that got measured and weighed you know anyone that got measured and weighed for the research. It is a conspiracy by the for the research. It is a conspiracy by the government to save money. The research shows government to save money. The research shows the motivation $135 million a year on health the motivation $135 million a year on health problems. Lets blame obesity!! That will get them problems. Lets blame obesity!! That will get them all active. all active.


How to support with facts and How to support with facts and figures. (white hat)figures. (white hat)

► You may support a proposition from your own You may support a proposition from your own experience: ‘I agree with you. My experience in schools experience: ‘I agree with you. My experience in schools has been exactly the same. For example…has been exactly the same. For example…

► You may offer support from facts, figures and statistics You may offer support from facts, figures and statistics which you happen to know. ‘There are statistics which which you happen to know. ‘There are statistics which support what you have just said…support what you have just said…

► You may have stories, examples, anecdotes all of which You may have stories, examples, anecdotes all of which support the proposition that has been put forward.support the proposition that has been put forward.

► Eg for a question on media influence on New Zealand Eg for a question on media influence on New Zealand youth. Picture this… ‘Mary gets home from school after youth. Picture this… ‘Mary gets home from school after a long day. She gets to the cupboard and grabs a bag a long day. She gets to the cupboard and grabs a bag of twisties and a fanta from the fridge. She sits down of twisties and a fanta from the fridge. She sits down and has her afternoon tea in front of the television. A and has her afternoon tea in front of the television. A weight watchers advert is on followed by an advert for weight watchers advert is on followed by an advert for America’s next top model. Off she goes for her usual America’s next top model. Off she goes for her usual trip to the toilet to be sick. Mary has an illness…..trip to the toilet to be sick. Mary has an illness…..


Source and validitySource and validity

► Challenge validity of figures, stories, reports.Challenge validity of figures, stories, reports.► Eg The quote states that 58% of the New Eg The quote states that 58% of the New

Zealand is obese, before agreeing with this Zealand is obese, before agreeing with this research I would need to know other research I would need to know other information. Eg how was the target information. Eg how was the target population decided, what was the target population decided, what was the target population, how large was the target population, how large was the target population to be making this assumption population to be making this assumption about the whole of New Zealand.about the whole of New Zealand.


Perceptions. (red hat)Perceptions. (red hat)

►Remember perceptions vary for any Remember perceptions vary for any number of reasons: background; number of reasons: background; culture; values; or personal culture; values; or personal experience. Therefore when you give experience. Therefore when you give you emotions or red hat thinking you you emotions or red hat thinking you should acknowledge your culture, should acknowledge your culture, background, values etc.. to show why background, values etc.. to show why there may be difference in opinion.there may be difference in opinion.


Values.Values.

►There are values of people who you There are values of people who you should acknowledge in socio-cultural should acknowledge in socio-cultural essays. Eg immigrants, feminists, essays. Eg immigrants, feminists, children, teenagers, old people, children, teenagers, old people, different cultures, religions….. different cultures, religions….. However, in doing so you are again However, in doing so you are again making assumptions about these making assumptions about these groups so acknowledge you are groups so acknowledge you are making a sweeping generalisation.making a sweeping generalisation.


Points of view.Points of view.

► As well as values there are different points As well as values there are different points of view..of view..

► This is my personal opinion…This is my personal opinion…► Looking at this from a national point view, Looking at this from a national point view,

this is my opinion…this is my opinion…► From the point of view of humanity and From the point of view of humanity and

human values, this would be my opinion…human values, this would be my opinion…► From the governments’ point of view, this From the governments’ point of view, this

would be my opinion…..would be my opinion…..


Humour.Humour.

► You can use humour in essays.You can use humour in essays.► Humour lightens things up and adds some Humour lightens things up and adds some

fun.fun.► Humour is half serious and allows things to Humour is half serious and allows things to

be said that might or might not be taken be said that might or might not be taken seriously. In this respect humour has the seriously. In this respect humour has the same value as a provocation in lateral same value as a provocation in lateral (creative) thinking.(creative) thinking.

► Eg ‘...since the push play adverts have been Eg ‘...since the push play adverts have been on television, I have seen lots of people out on television, I have seen lots of people out walking their pigs…’walking their pigs…’


Knowledge and contentKnowledge and content

► Where do you get your knowledge input?Where do you get your knowledge input?► Where do you feed your mind?Where do you feed your mind?► Newspapers, books, texts, lectures, class content, Newspapers, books, texts, lectures, class content,

other people, your research,, the internet, other people, your research,, the internet, magazines etc..magazines etc..

► General broad information about a subject is not General broad information about a subject is not what is required you need to show depth of what is required you need to show depth of knowledge using quotes etc.. So readings and knowledge using quotes etc.. So readings and quote gathering is essential (especially for quote gathering is essential (especially for achieving excellence and scholarship level). Do not achieving excellence and scholarship level). Do not just place a number of quotes together you need to just place a number of quotes together you need to show your understanding by explaining and show your understanding by explaining and discussing why and how you are using the quotes.discussing why and how you are using the quotes.


Showing understandingShowing understanding

► "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your "Life is like riding a bicycle. To keep your balance you must keep moving." balance you must keep moving." Albert Einstein. Albert Einstein. I would choose to take this I would choose to take this quote literally as movement (play) being quote literally as movement (play) being important to a balanced life. I also see the important to a balanced life. I also see the quote quote ““Work hard and play hard but donWork hard and play hard but don’’t t confuse the twoconfuse the two”” Author unknown Author unknown as as reiterating this. However, I believe having a reiterating this. However, I believe having a balanced life is related to having a balance balanced life is related to having a balance across all dimensions of hauora. These two across all dimensions of hauora. These two quotes tend to focus on the physical quotes tend to focus on the physical dimension.dimension.


As well as using the hats As well as using the hats

►You can also use guidelines given in You can also use guidelines given in the question. Eg in scholarship where the question. Eg in scholarship where questions have been expanded to give questions have been expanded to give you guidance you should take the lead you guidance you should take the lead and include knowledge that has been and include knowledge that has been targeted through the question.targeted through the question.


Time managementTime management

► If you are using this process for If you are using this process for scholarship you must also take into scholarship you must also take into consideration the time available for consideration the time available for each question. As you only have 1hr each question. As you only have 1hr per question including planning and per question including planning and concluding your time management is concluding your time management is very important.very important.


A guidelineA guideline

►10 mins reading and planning10 mins reading and planning►40 mins writing40 mins writing►10mins proofing and intro/conclusion.10mins proofing and intro/conclusion.

This is a guideline that can be used for This is a guideline that can be used for the time management of each the time management of each question.question.


By following the hats and the By following the hats and the other thinking process you are other thinking process you are

being a critical thinker.being a critical thinker.


That way you are working That way you are working towards higher levels of Bloomtowards higher levels of Bloom’’s s

taxonomy/revised taxonomytaxonomy/revised taxonomy


ThinkingThinking

► In general you will use all of these In general you will use all of these ideas in your essays and assignments. ideas in your essays and assignments. Whether they are scientific/bio-Whether they are scientific/bio-physical or socio-cultural based physical or socio-cultural based questions/standards to complete a questions/standards to complete a critical discussion you are going to critical discussion you are going to have to show a variety of possibilities, have to show a variety of possibilities, points of view etc.. To do this you will points of view etc.. To do this you will need to be well read.need to be well read.


Other essay writing formatsOther essay writing formats

►There are many formats for essay There are many formats for essay writing. Here are three other format writing. Here are three other format ideas that may help you with this ideas that may help you with this writing process.writing process.

►These are useful when essays have These are useful when essays have been set for assignment work rather been set for assignment work rather than in examination conditions.than in examination conditions.


Links to three other formatsLinks to three other formats

essay1.docessay1.doc

Study Skills.docStudy Skills.doc

basicessay.pdfbasicessay.pdf

Sited on…Sited on…

http://www.tki.org.nz/r/socialscience/curriculum/SSOL/resources/strategies/a-z_e.php


BibliographyBibliography

► Website:Website:► http://www.edwdebono.com/http://www.edwdebono.com/► http://www.tki.org.nz/r/socialscience/http://www.tki.org.nz/r/socialscience/

curriculum/SSOL/resources/strategies/a-curriculum/SSOL/resources/strategies/a-z_e.phpz_e.php

► http://www.in2edu.com/downloads/thinking/http://www.in2edu.com/downloads/thinking/index.htmindex.htm

► Books:Books:► De Bono, E. Revised version(2000) De Bono, E. Revised version(2000) The six The six

thinking hats.thinking hats. United Kingdom. United Kingdom.► De Bono, E. (2004)De Bono, E. (2004)How to have a beautiful How to have a beautiful

mind. mind. United Kingdom.United Kingdom.

Technology

Critical thinking tools cdrom2