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David GeertsResearch ManagerCentre for User Experience Research (CUO)K.U.Leuven
Creative methods for designing and evaluating user experiences
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Agenda
The User ExperienceAnalysis methods
Requirements specificationDesign methods
Evaluation methods
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Agenda
The User ExperienceAnalysis methods
Requirements specificationDesign methods
Evaluation methods
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First wave HCI (70’s-80’s)
Cognitive approach» Human as information processor» Interaction between single user and computer» “Human factors”
Disciplines» Cognitive psychology, computer science
Methods» Rigid guidelines, controlled experiments, formal
methods, user modelling, …Theories
» GOMS (Goals Operators Methods Selection rules), KLM (Keystroke Level Model), Fitt’s law, Hick’s law, …
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Second wave HCI (80’s-90’s)
Social context» Groups working with collection of applications» Work settings and communities of practice» “Human actors”
Disciplines» Social sciences, anthropology
Methods» Ethnographic observations, participatory design,
prototyping, contextual inquiry, …
Theories» Activity theory, situated action, distributed
cognition, …
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Third wave HCI (90’s-00’s)
User experience» Private and public environments» The home, everyday lives» Culture, emotion and experience» Non-work, non-purposeful, non-rational
Disciplines» Design research, cultural studies
Methods» Exploratory methods, cultural probes, narratives,
experience prototyping, …Theories
» Emotional design, four pleasures, threads of experience, …
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Designing the user experience?
Avoid negative emotions vs. produce positive emotions
Making products challenging, seductive, playful, surprising, memorable, moody, enjoyable, …
It is not possible to design the user experience, you can only design for the user experience» Exploit design solutions that evoke or intensify
certain feelings
A holistic view on designing products
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User Experience Models
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User Experience Models
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A model of user experience (Hassenzahl)
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User Experience Models
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Emotional design (Norman)
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User Experience Models
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User-product interactions and experience
(Forlizzi and Battarbee)
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Agenda
The User ExperienceAnalysis methods
Requirements specificationDesign methods
Evaluation methods
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Cultural probes
Collections of evocative tasks meant to elicit inspirational responses from people» Package with e.g. postcards, maps, camera, diaries, …
with assignments, often provocative or ambiguous» Materials are returned one by one during a short period» Fragmentary clues about users’ lives and thoughts
Inspiration, not information» Stimulate imaginations rather than defining problems» Openly subjective and playful» Use ambiguity, absurdity and mystery
Recognizes and embraces the notion that knowledge has its limits» Values uncertainty, play, exploration and subjective
interpretation» ‘Unscientific’ approach, a subversion of traditional HCI
methods
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Dante’s Hell
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Advantages of cultural probes
Provide opportunities to discover new pleasures, new forms of sociability and new cultural forms» Not designing solutions to user needs» Offer possibilities for surprising results» Doesn’t focus on an ‘average’ user
Reduce distance between researchers and users» Formal, geographic and cultural distance» Through its design and communication, the designers
make their intentions clear Gives a deep sense of familiarity and engagement with
the people you design products for
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From probes to design
Probes are not meant to be rigorously analysed» Serve as inspiration for reflecting» Don’t directly lead to designs» Making you aware of the detailed richness of an
environment» Embraces subjectivity, uncontrolledness and personality
Prevent from believing you can look into people’s heads» Impossible to arrive at comfortable conclusions» Understand their responses empathetically» Make the strange familiar, and the familiar strange
Probes are only one source for designing product» Some design decisions directly based on probe returns» Create a relationship with users, like designing for a
friend
Example cultural probe results
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Agenda
The User ExperienceAnalysis methods
Requirements specificationDesign methods
Evaluation methods
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Extreme characters (Djajadiningrat)
Fictional users with exaggerated emotional attitudes» Take another perspective» To highlight cultural issues» Complementary method, not replacing personas
Advantages» Character traits can be exposed which normally
remain hidden because they are antisocial or in conflict with a person’s status.
Disadvantages» It is not your user, not based on data» How many extreme characters?» Which extreme characters?
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Example extreme character for agenda planner
The drug dealer» Information is very
sensitive, cannot fall in the wrong hands
» He does not plan far ahead since dealers come and go
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Agenda
The User ExperienceAnalysis methods
Requirements specificationDesign methods
Evaluation methods
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Experience prototyping (Buchenau and Suri)
“A form of prototyping that enables design team members, users and clients to gain first-hand appreciation of existing or future conditions through active engagement with prototypes”» What are the contextual, physical, temporal, sensory, social
and cognitive factors we must consider for our design?» What is the essence of the existing user experience?» What are essential factors that our design should preserve?
Example: experience of a heart patient» Designers were given a pager for a weekend» When the pager went off, this simulated a defibrillating shock» Designers had to record their current experience
Closely related to role playing
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Examples of experience prototyping
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Agenda
The User ExperienceAnalysis methods
Requirements specificationDesign methods
Evaluation methods
UX evaluation methods
Most amount of new methods in this category» A lot of research in this area» New methods or variations are being discussed at
several conferences (e.g. see http://www.allaboutux.org/)
Different classifications possible, based on» Verbal or non-verbal measurement» Quantitative or qualitative results» Phase in the design process» General type of evaluation (lab, field, survey, …)
Analysis, design or evaluation?» Some methods could be used in several stages» Only evaluation when interaction with product is the
focus
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Verbal vs. non-verbal methods
Non-verbal observation methods (‘objective’)» Language independent, unobtrusive, more objective» Limited set of basic emotions, no combination of emotions» Psycho-physiological measurement, facereading, emotion
heuristics Verbal self-report methods (‘subjective’)
» Subjective feelings measured through self-report» Can represent any set of emotions, can measure combinations
of emotions» Difficult to apply between cultures» Questionnaires, rating scales, laddering
Non-verbal self-report methods (‘subjective’)» Subjective feelings, distinct or combinations of emotions» Does not require subjects to verbalize emotions» Self-Assessment Manikin (SAM), Product Emotion Measurement
Instrument (PrEmo), Emocards
Means End Theory
A theory to understand how specific features or attributes (means) of a product relate to personal values (ends)» People choose a product because it has attributes
(the means) that provide consequences and fulfilling personal values (the ends)
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Examples
Attributes» colour, taste, design, …
Consequences» Functional: price, quality, user-friendliness, …» Psycho-social: habits, reliability, …
Values» Health, security, fun, social power, …
Glass => transparent, see what is in it => make sure it is healthy => my children deserve the best => I am a good mom
Glass => can be cleaned and reused => environmentally friendly => save the planet
Plastic => light => easily disposible => practical => more time for more important things => you have to be productive and get ahead in life
Example: Yoghurt packaging
One particular method for researching means-end chains» Not the only one but the most popular in consumer
research because it proved to be superior
Entails both a » qualitative technique (which ladders)
∙ How to interview
» quantitative technique (which are dominant)∙ How to analyze data and generalize from it
Laddering
• Graphs the dominant links in a hierarchical value map (HVM)
• association network• meaningful couplings
between attributes, consequences and values.
(reynolds and Gutman, 1988)
Hierarchical Value Map
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How to perform laddering
One-to-one in-depth interviews» Researcher asks question ‘what do you like about
[product x]’» After first answer, question is reformulated to ‘what
do you like about [answer]’Reveals the relation between
» Product attributes (A)» Product consequences (C)» User’s values (V)
Results in means-end chain
Example of laddering interview
Researcher: I forgot again, which one did you like
most?
Child stands up and points at the bird
Oh yes, the bird, can you tell me why?
"Because I like it"
Ah, because you like it, and can you tell me why?
"The tumbling it makes” [A]
Ah, the tumbling it makes, and why is that nice?
"Because that is so funny” [C]
Ah, and why do you like it when it is funny?
"Because it is really cool that it can make a
looping" [A]
Ah, and why do you like that it makes a looping?
"Because sometimes they fall on their bum and
they do funny"[A-C]
Ah, and why do you like that it is funny?
"That they fall on their bum" [A]
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Example means-end chain
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Example means-end chain
AttrakDiff evaluation (Hassenzahl)
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AttrakDiff results
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Emocards (Desmet)
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Example analysis emocards (Wimmer e.a.)
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Sensual Evaluation Instrument (Isbister e.a.)
A tool for self-assessment of affect while interacting with computer systems» Subjective» Real-time feedback» Transcending language and cultural barriers» No distortion through verbalization» More fun for the user
Example analysis SEI (Wimmer e.a.)
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Example analysis SEI (Wimmer e.a.)
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