COCKPIT WHITE BOX

PROPOSED SYSTEM

� Here we propose a system of automated information to be available to the Base, and also the instantaneous Relay of the Alert Levels and the Replay of the course of journey, the pilot had covered till the time back to him.

EXISTING SYSTEM

� The Black Box in the cockpit is only been elemental in recording the audio part, happening in cockpit and apparently the control station at the ATC obtains the deferred data as explained by Pilot and thus there is no automated system to obtain the instantaneous reports happening there. Moreover if the Pilot the asks for the replay of the process that had gone through, in his past-journey span while on-board and still at traveling, its not possible for the Base Station to relay the Replay of the information.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

LIST OF OMPONENTS

� CONTROLLER

� DC MOTOR

� RELAY

� RELAY DRIVER

� ENCODER

� DECODER

� MAX 232

LIST OF COMPONENTS

� SPEED SENSOR

� LEVEL SENSOR

� POSITION ENSOR

� LCD

SOFTWARE USED

� KEIL MICRO VISION TO DEVELOP

ASSEMBLY CODE

� VISUAL BASIC FOR PC

� MICRO FLASH TO COPY HEX FILE

INTO ONTROLLER.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

EXPLANATION

� Power supply to the circuit is given

through single regulated power supply.

� Power supply unit has following

components.� Step down transformer

� Bridge rectifier

� Filter

� regulator

STEPDOWN TRANSFORMER

� When AC is applied to the primary winding of the power transformer it can either be stepped down or up depending on the value of DCneeded.

� In our circuit the transformer of 230v/12-0-12v is used to perform the step down operation where a 230V AC appears as 12V AC across thesecondary winding .

� One alteration of input causes the top of the transformer to be positive and the bottom negative.

� The next alteration will temporarily cause the reverse. The current rating of the transformer used in our project is 2A.

� Apart from stepping down AC voltages , it gives isolation between the power source and power supply circuitries.

RECTIFIER

� In the power supply unit, rectification is normally achieved using a solid state diode.

� A commonly used circuit for supplying large amounts of DC power is the bridge rectifier.

� A bridge rectifier of four diodes (4*IN4007) are used to achieve full wave rectification.

� Two diodes will conduct during the negative cycle and the other two will conduct during the positive half cycle.

FILTER UNIT

� Filter circuits which is usually a capacitor acting as a surge arrester always follow the rectifier unit.

� This capacitor is also called as a decoupling capacitor or a bypassing capacitor, is used not only to ‘short’ the ripple with frequency of 120Hz to ground but also to leave the frequency of the DC to appear at the output.

� A load resistor R1 is connected so that a reference to the ground is maintained .

� C1R1 is for bypassing ripples. C2R2 is used as a low pass filter, i.e. it passes only low frequency signals and bypasses high frequency signals

REGULATOR

� The primary purpose of a regulator is to aid the rectifier and

filter circuit in providing a constant DC voltage to the device.

� Power supplies without regulators have an inherent problem of

changing DC voltage values due to variations in the load or

due to fluctuations in the AC liner voltage. With a regulator

connected to the DC output, the voltage can be maintained

within a close tolerant region of the desired output.

� IC7805 and 7812 is used in this project for providing +12v

and +5v DC supply.

ATMEL MICRO CONTROLLER

� In this project our controller receives the data

sent by the pc.

� If the finger print matches with existing data pc

will send one data.so controller will operate one

relay so one bulb load will glow.

� If the finger print does not matches with existing

data pc will send another data.so controller will

operate relay so bulb load will not glow.

ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER

• The AT89C51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 4K bytes of Flash Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory (PEROM).

• The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard MCS-51™ instruction set and pin out

FEATURES

• Compatible with MCS-51™ Products

• 4K Bytes of In-System Re-programmable Flash Memory –

Endurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles

• Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 24 MHz

• Three-Level Program Memory Lock

FEATURES

• 128 x 8-Bit Internal RAM

• 32 Programmable I/O Lines

• Two 16-Bit Timer/Counters

• Six Interrupt Sources

• Programmable Serial Channel

• Low Power Idle and Power Down Modes

LCD

� In this project we are using 16x2 lcd. It means LCD

has 2 lines of 16 characters each.

� Many other LCDs like 20×2, 24×2, 32×2, 20×4 etc. are

available. Functionally all these LCDs are same .

� These displays contains two internal byte-wide

registers, one for command and second for

characters to be displayed.

� There are three control signals called R/W, DI/RS

and En.

LCD

� LCD stands for Liquid Crystal Display. The most commonly used LCDs found in the market today are 1 Line, 2 Line or 4 Line LCDs which have only 1 controller and support at most of 80 characters.

Instruction Register (IR) and Data Register (DR)

� There are two 8-bit registers controller Instruction and Data register. Instruction register corresponds to the register where you send commands to LCD

LCD

� Eg. LCD shift command, LCD clear, LCD

address etc. and Data register is used for storing

data which is to be displayed on LCD.

� When send the enable signal of the LCD is

asserted, the data on the pins is latched in to the

data register and data is then moved

automatically to the DDRAM and hence is

displayed on the LCD

LCD INTERFACE WITH

CONTROLLER

RELAY� Relays are electromagnetic switches, which

provides contact between two mechanical elements.

� Relays have a coil which works on 12V dc power supply and provides DPDT action as an output. In general relays provide potential free contacts which can be used for universal function like DC, AC voltage switching and to control bigger electrical switch gears.

� The electromechanical relays are based on the comparison between operating torque/force and restraining torque/force.

RELAY

� The VA burden of such relays are high. The characteristics of these relays have some limitations.

� Each relay can perform only one protective function. Such relays are used for simple and less costly protection purposes.

� For important and costly equipment installation static relays are preferred.

� Protective relaying is necessary for almost every electrical plant and no part of the power system is left unprotected.

DC MOTOR

� DC Motor is an electric motor converts electrical energy

into mechanical motion. The reverse task that of

converting mechanical motion into electrical energy is

accomplished by a generator or dynamo.

� In many cases the two devices differ only in their

application and minor construction details

� DC motor speed generally depends on a combination of

the voltage and current flowing in the motor coils and the

motor load or braking torque.

DC MOTOR…

The speed of the motor is proportional to thevoltage,and

the torque is proportional to the current.

The speed is typically controlled by altering the voltage or

current flow by using taps in the motor windings or by

having a variable voltage supply

Electrical energy or electromagnetic energy is a form of

energy present in any electric field or magnetic field, or

in any volume containing electromagnetic radiation

RS 232

� The most common communication interface for

short distance is RS-232.

� RS-232 defines a serial communication for one

device to one computer communication port,

with speeds upto 19,200 baud.

� Typically 7 or 8 bits (on/off) signal are

transmitted to represent a character or digit.The

9 pin connector is used.

MAX 232

� It has four level translators, two of which are RS232 transmitters that convert TTL\ CMOS input levels into + 9V RS232 outputs.

� The Max 232 is a dual RS-232 receiver / transmitter that meets all EIA RS232C specifications while using only a +5V power supply.

� It has 2 onboard charge pump voltage converters which generate +10V and –10V power supplies from a single 5V power supply.

MAX 232

These receivers have a nominal threshold of 1.3V, a typical hysterics of 0.5V and can operate upto + 30V input.

� 1. Suitable for all RS232 communications.

� 2. +12V power supplies required.

� 3. Voltage quadruple for input voltage up to 5.5V (used in power supply Section of computers, peripherals, and modems).

Three main sections of MAX232 are

� 1. A dual transmitter

� 2. A dual receiver

� 3. +5V to + 10V dual charge pump voltage converter.

ENCODER

� The TP 5088 is a low threshold voltage_ field-implanted_ metal gate CMOS integrated circuit' It interfaces directly to a standard telephone keypad and generates all dual tone multi-frequency pairs required in tone-dialing systems' The tone synthesizers are locked to an on-chip reference oscillator using an inexpensive 3'579545 MHz crystal for high tone accuracy' The crystal and an output load resistor are the only external components required for tone generation' A MUTE OUT logic signal_ which changes state when any key is depressed_ is also provided‘.

FEATURES

� 3'5V–10V operation when generating tones

� 2V operation of key scan and MUTE logic

� Static sensing of key closures or logic inputs

� On-chip3'579545 MHz crystal-controlled oscillator

� Output amplitudes proportional to supply voltage

� High group pre-emphasis

� Low harmonic distortion

� Open emitter-follower low-impedance output

� SINGLE TONE INHIBIT pin

DECODER

� In this Project the main operation is performed by this IC Cm8870 i.e., the main DTMF to BCD Conversion is done thro this IC only. Let us know the Features and Functions of this IC

Features

� Full DTMF receiver

� Less than 35mW power consumption

� Industrial temperature range

� Uses quartz crystal or ceramic resonators

� Adjustable acquisition and release times

RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER� This is the RF based Transmitter and Receiver

module, which can facilitate the remote applications.

� The process using the Radio - Frequency spectrum for Transmitting and Receiving Voice, Data and Video signals by which information(s) are shared is known as Wireless Communication .

� Radio Frequency - A range of electromagnetic frequencies above sound and below visible light, generally in the 30Khz to 300GHz range, used for all broadcast transmission including AM and FM radio, television, short-wave, microwave, and satellite transmissions.

RF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

FEATURES

� Complete super regenerative RF Transmitter & Receiver Module operating @ 433.92 MHz

� Compact in Size & Model

� No External Components & No tuning is required.

� High Performance SAW based architecture with a maximum range of 100 feet @ 4800 bps data rate.

� Low Power Consumption

� RF Receiver Module - 433.92 MHz (FT-COM-RX2), Bandwidth–4 MHz

� RF Transmitter Module -433.92 MHz (FT-COM-TX2), Bandwidth – 4 MHz

EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

� EMBEDDED SYSTEM is a combination of Software and Hardware. An Embedded system is a system, that has a computing device embedded into it.

� These are the controllers, processors, arrays or other hardware using dedicated (embedded) logic or programming (code) called “firmware” or a “micro kernel

� Embedded systems are designed around a µC which integrates Memory & Peripherals

WHY EMBEDDED SYSTEMS

� Avoids lots of Electronics Components

� Built in rich Features

� Reduces the cost, space

� Less Down Time for Maintenance

� Probability of Failure is reduced

� Easy interface with Computers

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN

EMBEDDED SYSTEM

� Sophisticated functionality

� Real-Time Operation

� Low Manufacturing Cost

� Low Power Consumption

� Eliminates Necessity of Complex Circuitry

� Smarter Products

� Smaller Size

� User Friendly

� State of the Art Technology