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ClassificatioClassificationn
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•There are There are 13 billion13 billion known known species of organismsspecies of organisms
•This is This is only 5% of allonly 5% of all organisms that ever organisms that ever lived!!!!!lived!!!!!
•New organismsNew organisms are still are still being found and identifiedbeing found and identified
Species of OrganismsSpecies of Organisms
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What is Classification?What is Classification?
ClassificationClassification is the is the arrangement of organisms arrangement of organisms into orderly into orderly groupsgroups based based on their on their similaritiessimilarities
Classification is also known Classification is also known as as taxonomytaxonomy
Taxonomists Taxonomists are scientists are scientists that identify & name that identify & name organismsorganisms
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Benefits of ClassifyingBenefits of Classifying
•Accurately & uniformlyAccurately & uniformly names organisms names organisms
•Prevents Prevents misnomersmisnomers such such as starfish & jellyfish that as starfish & jellyfish that aren't really fish aren't really fish
•Uses Uses same language same language (Latin or some Greek)(Latin or some Greek) for for all names all names
Sea”horseSea”horse”??”??
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Confusion in Using Different Confusion in Using Different Languages for NamesLanguages for Names
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Latin Names are Understood Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomistsby all Taxonomists
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Early TaxonomistsEarly Taxonomists
•2000 years ago, 2000 years ago, AristotleAristotle was the was the first taxonomistfirst taxonomist
•Aristotle divided Aristotle divided organisms into organisms into plants & animalsplants & animals
•He He subdividedsubdivided them by their them by their habitathabitat ---land, sea, ---land, sea, or air dwellers or air dwellers
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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus1707 – 17781707 – 1778
•18th century taxonomist
•Classified organisms by their structure
•Developed naming system still used today
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Carolus LinnaeusCarolus Linnaeus
•Called the Called the “Father of “Father of Taxonomy”Taxonomy”
•Developed the modern Developed the modern system of naming system of naming known as known as binomial binomial nomenclaturenomenclature
•Two-wordTwo-word name (Genus name (Genus & species)& species)
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Standardized Standardized NamingNaming
•Binomial Binomial nomenclature nomenclature usedused
•Genus speciesGenus species
•Latin or GreekLatin or Greek
•ItalicizedItalicized in print in print
•Capitalize genusCapitalize genus, , but NOT speciesbut NOT species
•UnderlineUnderline when when writingwriting
Turdus Turdus migratoriusmigratorius
American American RobinRobincopyright cmassengale
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Binomial NomenclatureBinomial Nomenclature
Which TWO are more closely related?copyright cmassengale
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Classification GroupsClassification Groups
•TaxonTaxon ( ( taxataxa-plural) is a -plural) is a category into which related category into which related organisms are placedorganisms are placed
•There is a There is a hierarchyhierarchy of of groups (taxa) from broadest groups (taxa) from broadest to most specificto most specific
•Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Genus, speciesspecies
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Hierarchy-Taxonomic Hierarchy-Taxonomic GroupsGroups
DomainKingdom
Phylum (Division – used for plants)
Class Order Family
Genus Species
BROADEST BROADEST TAXONTAXON
Most Specific
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DDidid
KKinging
PPhilliphillip
CCrossross
OOverver
FFrancerance
GGoingoing
SSouth!outh!
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•BroadestBroadest, most inclusive , most inclusive taxontaxon
•ThreeThree domains domains
•Archaea and EubacteriaArchaea and Eubacteria are are unicellular prokaryotes (no unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus or membrane-bound nucleus or membrane-bound organelles)organelles)
•EukaryaEukarya are more complex are more complex and have a nucleus and and have a nucleus and membrane-bound organellesmembrane-bound organelles
DomainsDomains
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ARCHAEA
•Probably the 1st cells to evolve
•Live in HARSH environments
•Found in:
–Sewage Treatment Plants
–Thermal or Volcanic Vents
–Hot Springs or Geysers that are acid
–Very salty water (Dead Sea; Great Salt Lake)
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ARCHAEAN
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EUBACTERIA
•Some may cause DISEASE
•Found in ALL HABITATS except harsh ones
•Important decomposers for environment
•Commercially important in making cottage cheese, yogurt, buttermilk, etc.
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Live in the intestines of animalsLive in the intestines of animals
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Domain Eukarya is Domain Eukarya is Divided into KingdomsDivided into Kingdoms
•ProtistaProtista (protozoans, algae…) (protozoans, algae…)
•FungiFungi (mushrooms, yeasts …) (mushrooms, yeasts …)
•PlantaePlantae (multicellular plants) (multicellular plants)
•AnimaliaAnimalia (multicellular (multicellular animals) animals)
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ProtistaProtista
•Most are Most are unicellularunicellular
•Some are Some are multicellularmulticellular
•Some are Some are autotrophicautotrophic, , while others are while others are heterotrophicheterotrophic
•AquaticAquatic
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Reproduction Asexually
Mitosis and cytokinesis - unicellularhttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=mitosis+in+protist&view=detail&mid=A9C0F9BD94702FC7343EA9C0F9BD94702FC7343E&first=0&FORM=LKVR2&adlt=strict
Budding – similar to mitosis except daughter cell is smaller than parent – multicellular
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4JIytOL-Q18&feature=related
SEXUALLY Meiosis – special nuclear division to reduce
chromosome number to haploid - multicellular
Conjugation – exchange of nuclear material between two individuals - unicellular
Protists
Three TypesAnimal-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
Fungus-like Protistshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-zsdYOgTbOk
Protozoansanimal-like protist
UnicellularUnicellular – made up of one cell
HeterotrophsHeterotrophs – they eat other organisms or dead organic matter
Classified by how they movehttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+moving+by+pseudopodia&view=detail&mid=12BAAFBDAA246F74656112BAAFBDAA246F746561&first=0&FORM=LKVR4&adlt=stricthttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=ameba+eating&view=detail&mid=2FAC7F7118693435B4B82FAC7F7118693435B4B8&first=0&FORM=LKVR12&adlt=strict
Plant like protists - AlgaeFlagellates: the motorboatsUse a whip-like extension called
a flagellaflagella to move Some cause diseasehttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=protist+-+flagellate&view=detail&id=23798BE7F96B6F0A5984FE05B9021A3DC78B8ABD&first=31&FORM=IDFRIR&adlt=strict
Ciliates – move by tiny hairs called cilia
http://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=paramecium&view=detail&mid=0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A0FFDD35BE3C8B0E5B95A&first=0&FORM=LKVR2&adlt=strict
Sporozoans – parasites that do not move
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JwsoK8O0lXE
http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=plasmodium&view=detail&id=B6D2E36FD71E1288663C0034AD66233D443960A1&first=0&FORM=IDFRIR&adlt=strict
Plant-like protistWhat are Algae?
MulticellularMulticellular – made of more than one cell
PhotosyntheticPhotosynthetic – make their own food
No roots, stems, or leavesEach has chlorophyllchlorophyll and other
photosynthetic pigmentsphotosynthetic pigmentsExamples Examples Euglena, Diatoms, Red Algae, Euglena, Diatoms, Red Algae,
Brown Algae, Green AlgaeBrown Algae, Green Algaehttp://www.bing.com/videos/search?q=euglena+video&mid=C67E436CB272D7AAD478C67E436CB272D7AAD478&view=detail&FORM=VIRE5&adlt=stricthttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=diatoms&view=detail&id=E76D2C31E51A3DF7230E4CD13C14ACABE8B0E9BA&first=0&adlt=strict
Fungus-like protistCharacteristics in Common
Obtain energy by decomposing organic material
Not in kingdom fungi because they have cellulose instead of chitin in their cell walls
Examples - Plasmodium Slime Molds, Cellular Slime Molds,Water Molds, & Downy Mildews
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GScyw3ammmk
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FungiFungi•Multicellular,Multicellular,
except yeastexcept yeast
•Absorptive Absorptive heterotrophsheterotrophs (digest food (digest food outside their outside their body & then body & then absorb it)absorb it)
•Cell walls Cell walls made of made of chitinchitin
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The Characteristics of Fungi
Fungi are NOT plants
NonphotosyntheticEukaryotesNonmotileMost are saprobes
(live on dead organisms)
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The Characteristics of Fungi
Important decomposers & recyclers of nutrients in the environment
Lack true roots, stems or leaves
Some fungi are internal or external parasites
A few fungi act like predators & capture prey like roundworms
MULTICELLULAR MUSHROOM
UNICELLULAR YEAST
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The Characteristics of Fungi
Produce both sexual and asexual spores
Classified by their sexual reproductive structures
Spores come in various
shapes
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The Characteristics of Fungi
Grow best in warm, moist environments
Fungi include puffballs, yeasts, mushrooms, toadstools, rusts, smuts, ringworm, and molds
The antibiotic penicillin is made by the Penicillium mold
Penicillium mold
Puffball33
Cladogram
Which of the following is most closely related to a mushroom (fungus)?
WHY?WHY?
Recent DNA-Recent DNA-based studies based studies show that fungi show that fungi are more are more similar tosimilar to
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PlantaePlantae
•MulticellularMulticellular
•AutotrophicAutotrophic
•Absorb Absorb sunlight sunlight to make glucose to make glucose – Photosynthesis– Photosynthesis
•Cell walls made Cell walls made of of cellulosecellulose
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Plant Divisions
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TaxonomyPlants are divided into two groupsBased on the presence (vascular plants) or absence (nonvascular plants) of an internal transport system for water and dissolved materials
VasculaVascular r BundleBundless
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Vascular SystemXylem tissue carries water and
minerals upward from the roots
Phloem tissue carries sugars made by photosynthesis from the leaves to where they will be stored or used
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Nonvascular Plants
Do not have vascular tissue for support or conduction of materialsRequire a constantly moist environmentPlants can’t grow as tallCells must be in direct contact with moistureMaterials move by diffusion cell-to-cell
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Nonvascular Plants
LiverwortsLiverworts HornwortsHornwortscopyright cmassengale
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Main Parts of Vascular PlantsLeaves- Photosynthetic part of plant that contains chloroplast- have stomata on underneath side for gas exchange Stems- carry water and nutrients to leavesRoots-Found below ground-Absorb water & minerals-Anchor the plant
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Vascular PlantsSubdivided into two groups -- Seedless vascular plants and Seed-bearing vascular plants
Club Club MossMoss
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Seedless Vascular Plants
HorsetailsHorsetailsWhisk fernsWhisk fernscopyright cmassengale
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Seed-Producing Vascular Plants
Includes two groups – Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms have naked seeds in cones
Angiosperms have flowers that produce seeds to attract pollinators and produce seeds
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Gymnosperms vs Angiosperms
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AnimaliaAnimalia
•MulticellularMulticellular
•Ingestive Ingestive heterotrophsheterotrophs (consume (consume food & digest food & digest it inside their it inside their bodies)bodies)
•Feed on Feed on plantsplants or or animalsanimals
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TaxonsTaxons
•Most Most generagenera contain a contain a number of similar number of similar speciesspecies
•The genus The genus HomoHomo is an is an exception (only contains exception (only contains modern humans)modern humans)
•Classification is based on evolutionary evolutionary relationshipsrelationships
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Basis for Modern Basis for Modern TaxonomyTaxonomy
•Homologous structuresHomologous structures (same structure, (same structure, different function)different function)
•Similar Similar embryoembryo developmentdevelopment
•Molecular SimilarityMolecular Similarity in in DNADNA, , RNARNA, or , or amino acidamino acid sequence of Proteinssequence of Proteins
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Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) Homologous Structures (BONES in the FORELIMBS) shows Similarities in mammals.shows Similarities in mammals.
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Similarities in Vertebrate Similarities in Vertebrate EmbryosEmbryos
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CladogramCladogramDiagram showing how organisms are related Diagram showing how organisms are related
based on based on shared, derived characteristicsshared, derived characteristics such as feathers, hair, or scalessuch as feathers, hair, or scales
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Primate Primate CladogramCladogram
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Dichotomous KeyingDichotomous Keying
•Used to identify Used to identify organismsorganisms
•Characteristics given in Characteristics given in pairspairs
•Read both Read both characteristicscharacteristics and and either go to another set either go to another set of characteristics of characteristics OROR identify the organismidentify the organism
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Example of Dichotomous Example of Dichotomous KeyKey
1a Tentacles present – Go to 21a Tentacles present – Go to 2
1b Tentacles absent – Go to 31b Tentacles absent – Go to 3
2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus2a Eight Tentacles – Octopus
2b More than 8 tentacles – 32b More than 8 tentacles – 3
3a Tentacles hang down – go to 3a Tentacles hang down – go to 44
3b Tentacles upright–Sea 3b Tentacles upright–Sea AnemoneAnemone
4a Balloon-shaped body–4a Balloon-shaped body–JellyfishJellyfish
4b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 54b Body NOT balloon-shaped - 5
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