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Developing Instructional Materials
LaSheena Nation
Background
In the typical classroom setting instructor plans and performs functional activities that we describe as being components of an instructional strategy.
The hallmark of individual instruction is that many of the instructional events typically carried out by the instructor with a group of students are now presented to the individual student through instructional materials.
The author recommends that you produce self- instructional materials in your first attempt at instructional design, that is, the materials should permit the student to learn new information and skills without any intervention from the instructor or fellow students.
Objectives
Describe the designers role in material development and instructional delivery. Name and describe the components of an instructional package. List four categories of criteria for judging the appropriateness of existing
instructional materials. Name appropriate rough draft materials for various media files Given an instructional strategy, describe the procedures for developing instructional
materials. Develop instructional materials based on a given instructional strategy. Develop instructional materials based on a given instructional strategy.
The Designer's Role in Material Development and Instructional Delivery
The designer of the instruction is typically the developer of materials. When designers are also developers and instructors they will take on different
teaching responsibilities based on the type of materials that were prescribed in the instructional strategy.
On the other hand, when instructors select and adapt materials to suit their instructional strategy, it is probable that the instructor will have an increased role in delivering instruction.
A traditional model is which the instructor personally delivers all instruction according to the instructional strategy that has been developed.
Instructors can continuously update and improve instruction as changes occur. Decides what delivery and media formats will be used in planning instructional
strategy.
The Delivery System and Media Selections
Availability of existing instructional materials
Existing materials could be substituted for planned materials on a scale ranging from a single motivational sequence in one lesson, to an entire course or curriculum.
Production and Implementations constraints
Media formats and delivery systems that look expensive are expensive. Amount of instructor facilitation
The first steps in adoption of a new technology are usually to replicate the features of the old technology classroom.
When discussion and feedback are provided to the instructor, initial materials develop cost are lower, however, per-student cost are high and the course cannot be scaled up in size without hiring additional instructors.
Strategies for Developing Media
Components of an Instructional Package
Instructional Materials
Contain the content, either written, mediated or facilitated by an instructor.
Assessment
Pre-test and post-test that have been planned to be implemented. Course Management Information
Instructors manual includes how to use the instructional material, test, and so on.
Instructional Materials
Instructional materials refer to preexisting materials that are being incorporated, as well as to those that will be specifically developed for the objectives.
Instructional materials include content which includes materials for the major objectives, the terminal objectives, and any materials for enhancing memory and transfer
Instructional materials may also include information that the learners will use to guide their progress through the instruction.
Selecting Existing Instructional Materials
Goal Centered Criteria
Focuses on the content of instruction and your instructional analysis documents will provide the basis for determining the acceptability of the content in various instructional materials.
Congruence between the content in the materials and your terminal and performance objectives
Adequacy of content coverage and completeness Authority Accuracy Current Objectivity
Selecting Existing Instructional Materials Learner Centered Criteria
Provides the foundation for consideration of the appropriateness of instructional materials for your target group.
Vocabulary and language levels Developmental, motivation, and interest levels Background and experiences Special language and other needs
Helps determine whether existing materials are adequate as they are or needs to be adapted or enhanced.
Pre instructional materials Content sequencing and presentation is complete, current, and
tailored for all learners Participation and practice elements Assessments Enhancement memory and transfer Learner guidance
Selecting Existing Instructional Materials Context Centered Criteria
Provides foundation for judging whether existing materials can be adopted as is or adapted for your setting
Authenticity of materials Feasibility
Selecting Existing Instructional Materials Technical Criteria
Judged for technical adequacy Delivery system and media formats Packaging Graphic design and typography Durability Legibility Audio and video quality Interface design, navigation and functionality **(when appropriate)
Instructional Materials and Formative Evaluation
Rough Draft Materials
A quick low cost version of your design to have something to guide final production and to take into formative evaluation and try out.
Rapid Prototyping
Usage of interactive computer-based and web-based multimedia Material Development Tools and Resources
The Materials Development Process
Steps in the Development of Instruction
Review instructional strategy for each objective in each lesson Review your analysis of learning context Decide on the components of the package of instructional materials Survey the literature Consider how you may adapt or adopt available materials Determine if new materials need to be designed, if so review your analysis of learners,
if not begin organizing and adapting available materials. Plan and write your instructional materials Review each completed lesson or learning session Write accompanying instructions to guide students through lessons Using rough draft, evaluate activities You may develop materials for the instructors manual as you go
Steps to Consider
Strategies for Developing Content
Provide contextual elements to help link prior knowledge. Develop materials so that the instructor is not built into the process. Permitting
flexibility and encourages development Decide on your instructional strategy Think about the budget Think about delivery systems and media selections
Instructional Elements
Look for materials that engage the learner in interpersonal activities.
Peer-sharing Group activities Interpersonal Interactions Leadership activities Questions, surveys and test
Summary
Pre instructional activities, including objectives and review materials as well as motivational materials and activities.
Content that must be presented to students to enable them to achieve your objectives, including examples and non examples of information, concepts skills that need to be learned.
Participation activities that enable students to practice or to try put the concept of skills for themselves and feedback on students' performance to enable reconsideration of their ideas or adjustments of their techniques.
Assessments of learners' mastery of new information and skills Activities that enhance memory and transfer
