Date:3/04/2015

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Brain Computer Interface

(Bincy, Neethu & Sanooja)

What is Brain-Computer Interface?

❏ —Brain Computer Interface is a direct

technological interface between a brain &

a computer system.

❏ It is abbreviated as BCI

❏ —It is also known as Direct Neural Interface (DNI) & Brain – Machine Interface (BMI).

❏—Brain-computer interface is an electrode

chip which can be implemented in the

brain through surgical procedure.

❏ When it is implemented in brain electrical

signal exchanged by neurons within the

brain are sent to the computer and then the

computer is controlled by person

❏ This technology is based on to sense, transmit, analyze and apply the language of neurons

❏ It consist of a sensor that is implanted in the motor cortex of the brain and a device that analyses brain signals. The signals generated by brain are interpreted and translated into cursor movement on computer screen to control the computer

Principle Behind BCI

❏—It consists of a silicon array about the size of anAspirin tablet that contains about 100electrodes each thinner than a human hair.

Structure of HUMAN BRAIN:

How Brain Computer Interfaces Work

How Brain Computer Interfaces Work

BCI vs Neuroprosthetics

❏ Neuroprosthetics typically connect the nervous

system to a device, whereas BCIs usually connect

the nervous system with a computer system.

❏ Practical neuroprosthetics can be linked to any

part of the nervous system—for example,

peripheral nerves

❏While the term "BCI" usually designates a

narrower class of systems which interface with

the central nervous system

Objective of BCI:❏ —The goal of the Brain-Computer Interface is to

develop a fast and reliable connection between the

brain of a severely disabled person and a personal

computer .

❏ —The ‘Brain Gate’ device can provide paralysed or

motor-impaired patients a mode of communication

through the translation of thought into direct

computer control.

Types of BCIs:

❏ Invasive BCI

Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of the

brain during neurosurgery.

❏ Non Invasive BCI

Non-Invasive BCIs do not involve neurosurgery. They are

just like wearable virtual reality devices.

❏ Partially Invasive BCI

Partially invasive BCI devices are implanted inside the

skull rest outside the brain rather than within the grey matter.

Next Step Humans!!!❏ In December 7, 2004, brain-computer interface had

been clinically tested on a human by an American

biotech company Cyberkinetics

❏ The first participant in these trials was a 25-year-

old man who had sustained a spinal cord injury

leading to paralysis in all four limbs .

Contd…❏ Over a period of nine months, he took part in 57

sessions during which the implanted Brain Gate

sensor recorded activity in his motor cortex

region while he imagined moving his paralyzed

limbs and then used that imagined motion for

several computer- based tasks such as, moving a

computer cursor to open e-mail,draw shapes and

play simple video games.

How BCI Implements?❏ A more difficult task is interpreting the brain signals for

movement in someone who can't physically move his own

arm. With a task like that, the subject must "train" to use the

device.

❏ —With an implant in place, the subject would visualize closing

his or her disabled hand. After many trials, the software can

learn to recognize the signals associated with the thought of

hand-closing.

❏ —Software connected to a robotic hand is programmed to

receive the "close hand" signal and interpret it to mean that

the robotic hand should close. At that point, when the subject

thinks about closing the hand, the signals are sent and the

robotic hand closes.

How Brain Computer Interfaces Works

Contd..

❏ This could even be accomplished without the

"robotic" part of the device. Signals could be sent to

the appropriate motor control nerves in the

hands, bypassing a damaged section of the spinal

cord and allowing actual movement of the subject's

own hands

Software behind BCI❏ The technology is comprised of four main

components; a signal capture system, a signal

processing system, a pattern recognition system,

and a device control system.

❏ The signal capture system includes the electrodes

themselves and the isolated electronic amplifiers

❏ The signal processing system includes the

algorithms for the linear prediction of the signal

Contd...❏ The pattern recognition system often used to be

composed of neural networks as to recognize

which neurons are producing these signals

❏ —Interfaces have been developed to control

different devices .

Applications❏ One of the most exciting areas of BCI research is the

development of devices that can be controlled by

thoughts.

❏ For a quadriplegic, something as basic as controlling a

computer cursor via mental commands would

represent a revolutionary improvement in quality of life.

❏ Some of the applications of this technology are also

frivolous, such as the ability to control a video game by

thought , ability to change TV channels with your mind

etc

Limitations❏ At present ,the biggest impediment of BCI

technology is the lack of sensor modality

that provides safe, accurate, and robust

access to brain signals

❏—It is very expensive.

❏Difficulty in adaptation and learning

Future Concerns❏ —Light Reactive Imaging BCI devices are still in the

realm of theory.

❏ —This would involve implanting a laser inside the

skull.The laser would be focussed on a single neuron

and the neuron’s reflectance is measured by a separate

sensor

❏ When the neuron fires, the light pattern and wavelength

it reflects would change slightly . This would allow the

researchers to monitor a single neuron and require less

contact with the tissue.

Contd...➢ Researchers of the Carleton University , Canada believe

that the same interface could form the basis of a mind-

controlled password system

Conclusion

❏ The results of BCI are spectacular and almost

unbelievable

● BCI can help paralyzed people to move by controlling their own electric wheelchairs, to communicate by using e-mail and Internet-based phone systems, and to be independent by controlling items such as televisions and electrical appliances

❏ Conclusively, BCI has proved to be a boon for paralyzed patients

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