Upload
summersmn
View
212
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Chapter 4Ancient Egypt & Kush
Section 1Gift of the Nile
Geography of Ancient Egypt
•Nile River has fed Egyptian civilization for over 5,000 years
The Longest River
•Nile River▫Longest river▫Has cataracts (waterfalls)▫Branches into a delta (area near a river’s
mouth where the water deposits silt)▫Flows north to Mediterranean Sea▫Use to flood every summer causing silt to
be deposited along Nile’s shores Silt was fertile & good for growing crops
Black Land, Red Land• Egyptians
▫Lived in narrow bands of land on each side of the Nile Called black land because of fertile soil Red land was the desert region beyond the fertile region
• Weather▫Always the same; 8 months sunny & hot, 4 months of
winter were sunny but cooler• Deserts
▫Acted out barrier to keep out enemies• Mediterranean Coast
▫Swampy & lacked good harbors
Land of Plenty
•Ibises birds▫Flew up from the south▫Egyptians knew when these birds arrived
annual flood waters would soon follow When waters drained away crops were
planted in fertile soil
Agricultural Techniques• Developed ways to control yearly flood• Irrigation canals
▫Dug to divert water to dry areas• Catch basins
▫Areas where water would pool to be used at a later date
• Removed earth was used to make embankments to protect areas from the flood
• Shadoof▫ Introduced in 1600 B.C.▫Used to move water between the Nile and a canal, a
canal and a catch basin or a catch basin and a field
Egyptian Crops
•Variety of crops grown▫Wheat & barley were important
1st to grind wheat into flour & add yeast to make bread
▫Vegetables were also grown▫Also grew materials for their clothes
1st to weave fibers from flax plants into linen
Egyptian Houses
•Used bricks made of mud & straw•Had narrow windows•Painted walls white to reflect the sun•Used sticks & palm branches for roofs•Woven reed mated covered the dirt floor•Wealthier people had fancier homes
▫Tree-lined courtyards, pools with lotus blossoms & fish
Geography Shapes Egyptian Life•Economy depended on farming•Also used natural resources for everyday
need & developed economic activities
Minin
•Mined & quarried different metals & minerals▫Copper: used to make tools & weapons▫Iron: stronger metal choice▫Gold: prized by Egyptians▫White limestone: used to build important
religious centers & artistic centers▫Turquoise & emeralds: precious stones
used to make jewelry
Fishing & Hunting
•Rafts were made to go onto the Nile•Used nets & harpoons to catch fish•Hippopotamuses & crocodiles•Captured quail & nets
▫Used boomerangs to knock down flying ducks and deese
Transportation & Trade
•Sails & oars were later added to reed boats▫Nile became a highway
•Nile provided a surplus of food▫Began to trade with each other▫There was not money so people bartered
Section 2Life in Ancient Egypt
Work and Family Life
•Surplus leads to economic expansion•Cities become centers of culture & power
▫People learn different jobs i.e. scribes
Specialized Jobs
•Complex civilizations led to new jobs▫Artisans: created stone or brick houses &
temples; other made pottery, mats, furniture, clothing, sandals, or jewelry
▫Traders: traded with other Africans; traded Egyptian products (scrolls, linen, gold & jewelry) for exotic woods, animal skins, & live beasts
Rulers & Priests
•Growth led to need for organization•Empire divided into 42 provinces•Army created for defense•Jobs:
▫Priests: highest jobs; followed rituals & cared for temples; pleased the gods
▫Slaves: bottom of society; most captured in war; worked on public building projects; some were domestic servants
Women & Children• Best place to be a woman
▫ Had equal rights• Women
▫ Care for children and home▫ Wove clothes▫ Worked in fields or workshops
• Children:▫ Played w/ toys (dolls, animal figures, board games, etc.)▫ Rough games: balls mad of leather or reeds▫ Some went to school▫ Most learned parents jobs▫ Most married in their early teens
Pets
•Dogs▫Used on hunting trips▫Lapdogs
•Cats▫Favored pet▫Even cat goddess, Bastet
Expanding Knowledge
•Came from priests studying the world to find ways to please the gods
•Because of practical discoveries
Writing
•Hieroglyphs developed▫Over time included more than 6,000
symbols•Papyrus developed
▫Easy to carry
Math & Science
•Developed 1st geometry▫Surveyors used it to restore property lines▫Used to design royal temples & monuments
•Study of the sky allowed them to develop the 1st calendar
Medicine
•Prepared bodies for burial•Knowledge of the body helped w/
surgeries•Penicillin
▫Antibiotic that changed modern medicine•Willow bark
▫Similar to aspirin
Life After Death
•Positive view of life•Not just pharaoh or nobles could look
forward to life after death▫Afterlife: life believed to follow death
Views of what made for a happy afterlife varied
Many Gods
•Polytheists•Worshiped gods that were related to the
afterlife & to parts of nature•Many gods were worshipped in certain
areas only
Making Mummies
•Bodies embalmed before they were placed in tombs▫All organs removed except the heart
Organs kept & treated▫Body was washed & purified▫Body packed and covered w/ natron
Body transformed into a mummy▫Linen was wrapped around the mummy▫Whole process took about 70 days
Egyptian Tombs
•Tombs held everyday objects any person might want or need▫Food, drink, clothing, & furniture
Living relatives were suppose to bring fresh food & drink daily, as well as prayers for persons soul
Section 3The Pyramid Builders
The Old Kingdom
•King Narmer▫Legend says he united Upper & Lower
Egypt▫Occurred in about 3100 B.C.▫History divided into Old, Middle, & New
Kingdom▫Pyramids built during Old Kingdom
The First Dynasties
•Began when Egypt was unified•First three before Old Kingdom•Dynasty: a line of ruler from the same
family▫When king died one of his children took
place as ruler▫Succession: order in which members of a
royal family inherit a throne•More than 30 dynasties ruled Egypt
Pharaohs Rule
•Pharaoh▫King of Egypt▫Ruled from capital city of Memphis▫Though to be child of the gods & a god
himself▫Happy lives = pharaoh pleased gods▫Suffering = pharaoh angered gods; new
pharaoh usually took over•Religion & Government were not separate
▫Priests had a lot of power in government
Kufu’s Great Pyramid
•1st rulers▫Buried in an underground tomb topped by
mud bricks•Soon mud bricks replaced w/ small
pyramids•King Djoser
▫Built step pyramid
The Great Pyramid• King Kufu
▫Had great pyramid built 760 feet long 7 core was built from 2.3 million blocks of
stone▫Hard work to build pyramid
Blocks of stone cut using copper saws & chisels Stones pulled up ramps & put in place Farmers did heavy labor
Hauled stone during flood season▫Took 20 years to build▫20,000 Egyptians worked on it▫City of Giza was built for pyramid workers & for the
people who fed, clothed, & housed them
Grave Robbers• Pyramids stopped being built
▫Pyramids drew attention to tombs; grave robbers broke into tombs to steal treasure buried there
• Robbed Tomb▫Believed if tomb was robbed the person buried
there could not have a happy afterlife• New Kingdom
▫During this period pharaohs built secret tombs in the Valley of the Kings
▫Treasures, however, were stolen from almost every tomb
▫Only one not was that of Tutankhamen Discovered in 1922
Middle Kingdom
•2160 B.C.▫Central power of pharaohs began to break
down▫Disunity, civil war, & invasion plagued
Egypt for 100 years•Mentuhotep II
▫2055 B.C. brought stability back to Egypt▫Period known as Middle Kingdom
Connect to Tradition• Amenemhet I
▫Founded 12th Dynasty in 1985 B.C. Not a member of the royal line Claimed ancient prophecy supported his claim to the
throne• Prophecy of Neferti dated from the time of
Snefru (4th Dynasty pharaoh)▫Fortold of the coming of a king, Ameni, who would
save Egypt from chaos• The Truth
▫Amenemhet had this story written to connect him to Snefru & show his kingship was meant to be
Strength & Prosperity• Egypt extended boundaries with military during 12th
Dynasty▫ Wanted to control Numbia’s resources
• 1800 B.C.▫ Reached 2nd cataract of the Nile▫ Built fortresses to control new territory
• Agriculture▫ Boosted during Middle Kingdom▫ Vast swamps were drained in area known as Faiyum
150,000 acres created Increased food production
• The arts flourished, trade expanded, & pharaohs were stable & orderly during the thriving 12th Dynasty
Decline & Overthrow
•13th Dynasty▫Weaker rule▫Asiatics (people from Sinai Peninsula)
immigrated to eastern Nile Delta▫Hyksos invaded from Palestine & Syria
Conquered Lower Egypt w/ the help of better weapons & horse-drawn chariots Eventually drove out after 100 years in Egypt
Section 4The New Kingdom & Kush
A Woman Pharaoh
•Period of most powerful rulers of Egypt•New capital city of Thebes created•Empire expanded•Queen Hatshepsut
▫1st woman pharaoh Wife of pharaoh who died shortly after taking
power Ruled with stepson Thutmose III Eventually declared herself only ruler Wore a false beard reserved for pharaohs
alone
Trade Grows
•Empire expanded through war•Hatshepsut
▫Used war as well as trade to expand empire Sent traders to the Red Sea; ships brought
back rare spices, scented wood, live monkeys, and potted trees to make incense
Hatshepsut’s Legacy
•Erected the obelisk▫Four-sided shaft with a pyramid shaped top▫Carved from blocks of red granite▫Hieroglyphs recorded her great deeds
•After ruling for 15 years Hatshepsut disappeared▫Died peacefully or killed by Thutmose III ?
•Thutmose III became pharaoh after her death▫Tried to destroy all records of her reign
Damaged temple & tomb restored by archaelogists
A Reforming Pharaoh
•A New Belief▫Akhenaton became pharaoh
Worshiped sun god Aton Closed temples of other gods & promoted
worship of one god (1st time in Egyptian history) Priests who served other gods lost power;
feared actions angered the old gods New way of thinking affected art
Small steps towards realism began to appear
•Reform Ends▫New religion did not last long
3 years after Akhenaton death relative Tutankhamen became pharaoh Tut relied on advisors to help him rule
▫Convinced him to reject new religion & worship old gods
A Powerful Pharaoh• Ramses II took throne in 1279 B.C.▫ Reigned for 66 years
• Empire Builder▫ Ramses the Great wanted to make Egypt powerful through war
Territory extended into African kingdom of Nubia & to eastern rim of Mediterranean Sea where empire bordered the empire of the Hittites
▫ Egyptian & Hittites were enemies Ramses led army into battle against Hittites
No one won but Ramses claimed victory Negotiated 1st known peace treaty
▫ Ramses built city of Pi-Ramses▫ At Abu Simbel he built 4 66 foot statues of himself to guard his
temple Wanted statues to appear god like in statues
▫ Ramses was over 90 years old at end of his reign 66 years of rule made Egypt’s gov’t stable & brought peace
Egypt’s Decline
•Egypt never the same after Ramses died•Gov’t became weak•Foreign rulers took over•Persians conquered Egypt in 525 B.C.•Alexander the Great took over in 332 B.C.
▫Began 300 years of Greek rule
Nubia & the Kush Civilization
•When central power broke down at end of New Kingdom separate ruling groups came to dominate Lower & Upper Egypt▫Where not able to exert control in Nubia
A Nubian kingdom called Kush came to power
Cultural Relations Between Egypt & Kush•Cultural exchanges took place during the
times when Egypt controlled Nubia▫Art influenced by Egyptian rule▫Young Kushite nobles learned Egyptian
language in Egypt Adopted customs & clothing styles Brought back royal rituals & hieroglyphic
writing system Egyptian pyramids also copied in Kush
Kush Rises to Power
•Kushite worshiped Amun▫Power struggle took place in western delta
& threatened Upper Egypt▫Rules of Thebes, center of Amun worship,
invited Kushite king Piye to defend them Piye sailed up the Nile to Thebes where he
was declared pharaoh Continued into Lower Egypt defeating enemies
along the way▫After long war he ruled all of Egypt
Political and Commercial Relations with Egypt•Piye united Egypt & Kush•Nubia est. own dynasty
▫Piye rule marked beginning of 25th Dynasty Did not live in Egypt, lived in Kush capital city
of Napata•Napata
▫Located at head of a road to move goods by one of Nile’s cataracts Led to trade along the Nile Became for the spread of Egyptian goods and
culture & other Kush trading partners
The Decline of Kush•704 B.C.
▫Kushite Egyptain forces battled Assyrians in Palestine Supported ruler there who resisted Assyrian rule
▫Assyrians iron weapons better than Kush copper weapons Assyrians won
▫Sides fought off and on for years•671 B.C.
▫Assyrians invaded & conquered Egypt Ended Kushite rule in Egypt