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here i have been given the detailed presentation on control of environmental pollution by using biotechnology/biologically, when i was studying Ph.D(Aquaculture) in Mangalore Fisheries College for 2 months!!!!!!now i am doing Ph.D in Extension Dept. in Kolkata. I had my P.G in Extension only.
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APPLICATION OF BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TOOLS
IN BIOMONITORING OF ENVIRONMENT
Yarrakula Mahesh Babu, M.F.ScPh.D. 1st year
Dpt. Of AquacultureCollege of Fishery Science
Mangalore
INTRODUCTIONO Environment
AbioticBiotic
O Environmental pollution
O PollutantsChemical BiologicalPhysical
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O Bio-monitoring
O Biotechnological tools
BiosensorsBioremediationBio-fertilizersBio-fuelsGenetically modified microorganisms
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BiosensorsO These are biophysical devices which can
detect and measure the presence of specific substances.
O Definition: it is an analytical device containing an immobilized biological material, which can interact with an analyte and produce signals to measure.
O Biosensors basically involve in the quantitative analysis of various substances by converting their biological actions into measurable signals.
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O Components of biosensorBiological componentPhysical component
O Special kits have been designed to identify the specific pollutants.
Gas biosensorsImmunoassay biosensorsBOD biosensors
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principle
Biological material is immobilized, contact made with transducer.
Analyte binds to the biological material to form a bound analyte.
It produce electronic response, it can be measured. 6
BIOREMEDIATION
O Definition: it is the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants.
O Bioremediation is carried out in two ways:In situ bioremediation
Intrinsic bioremediationEngineered in situ bioremediation
Ex-situ bioremediationSolid phase treatmentSlurry phase treatment 7
IN SITU BIOREMEDIATION
O It is a direct approach for the microbial degradation of xenobiotics at the site of pollution.
O Generally used for cleanup of oil spillage, etc.
Intrinsic bioremediation:It is the inherent metabolic ability of the microorganisms to degrade certain pollutants.
There will be no addition of nutrient supply for accelerating metabolic activity. 8
Engineered in situ bioremediation:
Here the bioremediation process is engineered to increase the degradation efficiency.
In this process optimal environment will be maintained for the microorganisms to overcome the slow and limited bioremediation.
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EX-SITU BIOREMEDIATION
O The waste will be collected from the polluted sites and the bioremediation will be carry out at designed place by using microorganisms.
O ClassificationSolid phase treatmentSlurry phase treatment
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O Solid phase treatment:This system includes land treatment soil piles comprising of organic wastes.
O Slurry phase treatment:This is a triphasic treatment system involving three components (water, suspended particulate matter and air).
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Use of genetic engineering for efficient bioremediation
O In recent years, efforts have been made to create genetically engineered microorganisms (GEMs) to overcome problems and enhance bioremediation.
O Problems during bioremediation are:Growth of microorganisms reduced by the xenobiotics.Natural one type of microorganism can’t degrade all the xenobiotics.Slow process.Sometimes xenobiotics will become unavailable form.
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O The genetic manipulations of plasmids can lead to the creation of new strains of bacteria.
O In 1970s new strain of pseudomonas was developed by the scientists named as “superbug”.
O This superbug has the capability of degrading hydrocarbons of petroleum.
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Engineered bacteria used for the degradation of xenobiotics.
Bacterium Substrate that can be degraded
Pseudomonas capacia
2,4,5- trichloro-phenoxy acetic acid
P. putida & other sp.
2,2,5-dichloropropionate; mono and dichloroaromatics
Alcaligenes sp. Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, mixed chlorophenols; 1,4-
dichlorobenzene
Acinetobacter sp. 4-chlorobenzene14
Biofertilizers
O Biofertilizer: Nutrient inputs of biological origin to support plant growth by the addition of microbes.
O Biofertilizers are divided into four categories.
1. Symbiotic nitrogen fixers2. Asymbiotic nitrogen fixers3. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria4. Organic fertilizers
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O Symbiotic nitrogen fixers:The diazotrophic microorganisms are
the symbiotic nitrogen fixers that serve as biofertilizers e.g. Rhizobium sp., Bradyrhizopium sp.
O Asymbiotic nitrogen fixers:The asymbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria can directly convert the gaseous nitrogen to nitrogen rich compounds. e.g. Azobacter sp., Azospirillum sp.
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O Phosphate solubilizing bacteria:Thiobacillus, Bacillus are capable of converting non-available inorganic phosphorus present in the soil to organic or inorganic form of phosphate.
O Organic fertilizers:Certain types of organic wastes are
used as fertilizers e.g. animal dung, urban garbage, sewage, crop residues and oil cakes.
All these wastes can be converted in to organic manures.
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Advantages:
Improves the tolerance against toxic heavy metals.Possible to fertile the saline and alkaline soils.Helps in environmental pollution control.Fertility of soil will be increased year after year.Low cost and easy to produce.Increases the physico-chemical properties of the soil, soil texture and water holding capacity.
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Biofuels
Global warming, industrialization and increasing price of fossil fuels made search of alternative.
An alternative, biodegradable, domestic fuel
contributes no net CO2 or S2 to the atmosphere.
Mono alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from a renewable lipid feed stock such as vegetable oil or animal fat will be used.
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ADVANTAGES:
O Biodegradable
O Non-toxic fuel
O Not contribute to global warming
O Alternative to petro -based fuels
O Favorable energy balance
O Lower harmful emissions of CO2 &
unburned hydrocarbons
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Biotechnological method to reduce atmospheric C02
O CO2 is the main cause of green house effect.
O There is steady increase in the CO2 content mainly due to industrial processes.
O Biotechnological methods have been used to reduce the atmospheric CO2 content at two levels:
PhotosynthesisBiological calcification. 21
O Fast growing plants utilize CO2 more efficiently.
O Further, CO2 utilization can be increased by enhancing the rate of photosynthesis.
O Ribulosebiphosphate carboxylase is an enzyme which can fix the CO2 efficiently.
O Microalgae like chlorella and spirulina can utilize CO2 efficiently than higher plants.
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Sewage water
treatmentO The sewage is treated to get rid of the undesirable substances by subjecting the organic matter to biodegradation by microorganisms.
O The biodegradation involves the degradation of organic matter to smaller molecules and requires constant supply of oxygen.
O This problem is overcome by growing microalgae in the ponds and tanks where sewage treatment is carried out. 23
Removal of oil by using biotechnology
O Manual and mechanical cleaning is very expensive.
O To overcome this oleophilic fertilizers are being developed.
O These fertilizers will allow rapid growth and multiplication of microorganisms.
O Recently oil utilizing microbes were developed by using genetic engineering. 24
O Some of the oil utilizing microbes can also produce surface active compounds that can emulsify oil in water and thereby removing the oil.
O A strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces a glycolipid emulsifier that reduces the surface tension of oil-water interface which helps in the removal of oil from water.
O This microbial emulsifier is nontoxic and biodegradable and has shown promising results in the laboratory experiments. 25
USE OF BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES
O Use of chemical pesticides, herbicides and fertilizers are hazardous.
O They undergo degradation by microorganisms and ultraviolet light which releases toxic chemicals.
O To overcome this bacterial and viral pesticides are being developed by using biotechnology.
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Conclusion O Mutation of the microbes may cause
diseases to the organisms.
O Cost effective and more shelf life biofertilizers should be developed.
O Micro algae like Chlorella, Spirulina should be cultured near the industries.
O Protection of coral beds.
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O Use of biofertilizers and biofuels should be encouraged.
O Recycling of the different products should be increase.
O Organic farming has to be develop.
O Continuous biomonitoring of the environment and biological control methods should be developed rather than chemical methods.
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THANK YOU
