Biomechanical study, 3 d modeling and kinematic analysis of shoulder joint 2-3-4

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 –

6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) © IAEME

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BIOMECHANICAL STUDY, 3D MODELING AND KINEMATIC ANALYSIS

OF SHOULDER JOINT

Pranav Birajdar1, Shruti Bammani

2, Pravin Shinde

3, Rahul

Bhandari

4, Jaya Bedare

5

1, 2,3,4,5

Department of Mechanical Engineering, N.K. Orchid College of Engineering and Technology,

Solapur, Maharashtra, India

ABSTRACT

The shoulder complex is the functional unit that results in movement of the arm with respect

to the trunk. This unit consists of the clavicle, scapula and humerus; the articulations linking them;

and the muscles that move them. These structures are so functionally interrelated to one another that

studying their individual functions is almost impossible. The present paper focuses on the anatomy,

3D scanning and modelling of humerus, scapula and clavicle. Finite element modelling of the

ligaments and the muscles are carried out using the hexa-penta mesh elements in HyperMesh. This

meshed model is then analysed for Von Mises stresses for flexion and extension motions at different

points using LS Dyna.

Keywords: 3D scanning, Biomechanics, CAD modelling, Extension, Flexion

1. INTRODUCTION

The shoulder has the greatest range of motions than any joint in the body. It is our shoulders

that allow us to put our hands where they need to be. To manage this, the shoulder must have the

right balance of strength, flexibility and stability. Loss of this balance can lead to pain and injury.

Maintaining this balance through exercises aimed at stretching and strengthening can help to avoid

shoulder problems [1].

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

Walter Maurel and Daniel Thalmann investigated the problems regarding the realistic

animations of the shoulder joint of the improved model of shoulder joint. This was due to the fact

that it was difficult to coordinate the simultaneous motion of the shoulder components in a consistent

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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ISSN 0976 – 6340 (Print)

ISSN 0976 – 6359 (Online)

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IJMET

© I A E M E

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976

6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July

way. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, they proposed an extended s

model including scapulothoracic constraint and joint sinus

Douglas D. Robertson and his colleagues studied sixty cadaveric humeri and built 3

computer models from canal and periosteal contours extracted from computerized tomographic data

and multiple measured anatomical parameters (Siemens Somatom Plus S scanner), including

humeral canal axis, humeral head center, and hinge point offset; greater tuberosit

center [3].

Daniel Kluess, Jan Wieding

orthopaedic surgery of total hip replacement (THR). Firstly they presented a convenient modus

operandi of generating FE-models of the implant

tomograms of biological structures

CAD-models of the implant [4], [5].

3. ANATOMY OF SHOULDER JOINT

The human shoulder is made up of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula

(shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and

tendons. The articulations between the bones of the shoulder make up the shoulder joints. The major

joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to.

anatomy, the shoulder joint comprises the part of the body where the humerus attaches to the scapula,

the head sitting in the glenoid fossa. The shoulder is the group of structures in the region of the joint.

3.1. Clavicle The clavicle is a long bone. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away

from the trunk. The clavicle transmits the weight of the limb to the sternum. The bone has a

cylindrical part called the shaft and two ends, lateral and medial.

Figure I:

3.2. Humerus The humerus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper

end, a lower end and a shaft.

3.3. Scapula The scapula is a thin bone placed on the posterolateral

scapula has two surfaces, three borders, three angles and three processes.


6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) © IAEME

89

. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, they proposed an extended s

thoracic constraint and joint sinus cones [2].

Douglas D. Robertson and his colleagues studied sixty cadaveric humeri and built 3

dels from canal and periosteal contours extracted from computerized tomographic data


humeral canal axis, humeral head center, and hinge point offset; greater tuberosity and

Daniel Kluess, Jan Wieding and Robert Souffrant used finite-element-method for implant in


models of the implant-bone-compound and developed computed

tomograms of biological structures for computational finite element-analysis and correspondi

ANATOMY OF SHOULDER JOINT


(upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and


joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to.



e. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away


cylindrical part called the shaft and two ends, lateral and medial.

Figure I: Anatomy of Shoulder Joint

erus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper

The scapula is a thin bone placed on the posterolateral aspect of the thoracic cage. The

scapula has two surfaces, three borders, three angles and three processes.


August (2013) © IAEME

. On the basis of former biomechanical investigations, they proposed an extended shoulder

Douglas D. Robertson and his colleagues studied sixty cadaveric humeri and built 3-D

dels from canal and periosteal contours extracted from computerized tomographic data


and humeral head

method for implant in


compound and developed computed

analysis and corresponding


(upper arm bone) as well as associated muscles, ligaments and


joint of the shoulder is the glenohumeral joint, which "shoulder joint" generally refers to. In human



e. It supports the shoulder so that the arm can swing clearly away


erus is the bone of the arm. It is the longest bone of the upper limb. It has an upper

aspect of the thoracic cage. The



3.4. Joints of shoulder joint The four major joints of the shoulder complex are

joint, Scapulothoracic joint and Glenohumeral joint

4. 3D SCANNING AND MODELING OF BONES

Geometrically accurate and anatomically correct

implants are essential for successful preoperative planning in orthopaedic surgery. Such models are

often used in various software systems for the preparation surgical interventions. Therefore, it is very

important to create geometry of the bone rapidly and accurately

4.1. Scanning Process In the data acquisition step of 3D scanning

on the bed of the digitizer. The ATOS sensor head mounted on a tripod can easily be positioned

relative to the bone. The laser probe projects a line of laser light onto the surface while 2 sensor

cameras continuously record the changing distance and shape of the

object. The result of the measurement is directly displayed. By rotat

be acquired without changing the relative position of object and

scans are imported into Geomagic Studio and

meshing procedure creates about 8 million triangles

cleaning procedure of Geomagic Studio re

orientation differences. Using 3D scanning and

the object with sharpened edges [8].

Figure II: Scanned M

4.2. CAD Modelling Reverse modelling of a human bones using CAD software means generating digital 3D

model of bones geometry from 3D scanned model.

software and its modules were used.

Figure III: 3D M



90

major joints of the shoulder complex are Sternoclavicular joint, Acromioclavicular

Glenohumeral joint [6].

3D SCANNING AND MODELING OF BONES

Geometrically accurate and anatomically correct 3D geometric models of human bones and



the bone rapidly and accurately [7].

the data acquisition step of 3D scanning method, the bone that is to be scanned is placed


The laser probe projects a line of laser light onto the surface while 2 sensor

cameras continuously record the changing distance and shape of the bone as it sweeps along the

object. The result of the measurement is directly displayed. By rotating the object, further scans can

be acquired without changing the relative position of object and reference points. In the next step, all

imported into Geomagic Studio and merged into one single data set.

about 8 million triangles in 10 to 15 minutes of processing time.

cleaning procedure of Geomagic Studio re-adjusts neighbouring triangles which show large

3D scanning and digital software it was possible to scan

Scanned Models of Humerus, Clavicle and Scapula

Reverse modelling of a human bones using CAD software means generating digital 3D

model of bones geometry from 3D scanned model. In this particular case, CATIA V5R20

software and its modules were used.

3D Models of Humerus, Clavicle and Scapula



Acromioclavicular

of human bones and



bone that is to be scanned is placed


The laser probe projects a line of laser light onto the surface while 2 sensor

as it sweeps along the

ing the object, further scans can

In the next step, all

merged into one single data set. The automatic

10 to 15 minutes of processing time. The

adjusts neighbouring triangles which show large

possible to scan and construct

Reverse modelling of a human bones using CAD software means generating digital 3D

is particular case, CATIA V5R20 CAD



5. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS

In any FE analysis, the work can be divided into three phases. First is pre

defining the finite element model, then analysis solver implying towards the solution of finite

element model and finally post-processing of results using visualization tool

5.1. Finite Element Modelling

Processing the shoulder joint assembled model in Hypermesh

IGES format. Then clean up tool was used for the missing data such as some edges, corners etc.

There is a tool available for creating surfaces in design workbench of HyperMesh for the finite

element modeling of muscles and ligaments. Here the surfaces are created with integration of Hexa

Penta mesh. For the simulation and analysis of shoulder joint, it is desirable to use a mesh of

hexahedral and pentahedral elements due to change in thickness at different points of ligament

muscles.

Figure IV:

5.2. Material Properties

In order to perform the FE analysis of the

properties. Based on these properties, we will obtain different stress distribution

material property values of different bones and muscles are mentioned in the following table.

Table I:

Table II:

Muscles

Infraspinatus

Subscapularis

Triceps

Bones

Young’s Modulus

(MPa)

Cortical Bone 11000

Cancellous Bone 1100



91

FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS (FEA) OF SHOULDER JOINT

analysis, the work can be divided into three phases. First is pre


processing of results using visualization tools.

Processing the shoulder joint assembled model in Hypermesh required importing the joint in



ligaments. Here the surfaces are created with integration of Hexa


hexahedral and pentahedral elements due to change in thickness at different points of ligament

Figure IV: HyperMesh View of Shoulder Joint

perform the FE analysis of the model, we have to apply certain material

properties. Based on these properties, we will obtain different stress distribution in the model. The


Table I: Material Properties of Bones

Table II: Material Properties of Muscles

Eo (MPa) Poisson Ratio

1.2 0.45

1.2 0.45

0.5 0.45

Young’s Modulus

(MPa)

Poisson Ratio Yield Stress

(MPa)

11000 0.3 110

1100 0.3 7.7



analysis, the work can be divided into three phases. First is pre-processing i.e.


required importing the joint in



ligaments. Here the surfaces are created with integration of Hexa-


hexahedral and pentahedral elements due to change in thickness at different points of ligaments and

model, we have to apply certain material

in the model. The


Density

(Kg/m3)

2000

1000



5.3. Meshing Meshing of the model was carried out

elements were used for meshing the bones

ligaments and muscles. The meshed model

Fig. V: Meshed

6. RESULTS

The solved model file is exported to HyperView for post

viewed in various forms and judged by different parameters. In this case, two major parameters are

Von Mises stress and displacement of th

Dyna. The farther end of the Clavicle is fixed so that the other end of the Clavicle which joins the

Humerus and the Scapula is in relative motion. We have not applied any external load but instead we

have considered the self weight of the arm acting on the joint between Humerus and Scapula. The

velocity applied on the free end of Humerus is 10 mm/s. We have studied and worked on the Flexion

and Extension movement of the shoulder joint and mentioned th

and plots. The following figures and tables describe the various stresses acting on the ligaments,

muscles and bones of the shoulder joint.

Table III:

Ligament / Muscle

Teres Minor

Subscapularis

As we can observe, the maximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor i.e. 0.90 MPa while

the least stress is obtained at the long head of t

Table IV:

Ligament / Muscle

Teres Major

Coracobrachialis

Subscapularis

The stresses obtained after the simulation of shoulder joint vary for various parts on the costal

muscles. Maximum stress is obtained at the Teres

Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Coracobrachialis muscle is 0.39 MPa.



92

was carried out after the material properties to each component. Tetra

elements were used for meshing the bones while hexa and penta elements were used for meshing

The meshed models are depicted in Fig. V.

Meshed Model of Humerus, Clavicle and Scapula

The solved model file is exported to HyperView for post-processing. The model can be


Von Mises stress and displacement of the components. The boundary conditions are defined in LS





and Extension movement of the shoulder joint and mentioned the stresses and displacement charts


muscles and bones of the shoulder joint.

Table III: Stresses near the Glenohumeral Joint

Stress

0.90 MPa

0.46 MPa

aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor i.e. 0.90 MPa while

s obtained at the long head of triceps which is 0.01 MPa.

Table IV: Stresses on Costal Muscles

Stress

0.824 MPa

0.39 MPa

0.10 MPa

he stresses obtained after the simulation of shoulder joint vary for various parts on the costal

muscles. Maximum stress is obtained at the Teres Major while the least stress is obtained at the

Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Coracobrachialis muscle is 0.39 MPa.



component. Tetra

were used for meshing

he model can be


e components. The boundary conditions are defined in LS





e stresses and displacement charts


aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor i.e. 0.90 MPa while

he stresses obtained after the simulation of shoulder joint vary for various parts on the costal

Major while the least stress is obtained at the



Table V:

Name of Ligament

Infraspinatus

Supraspinatus

The maximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor muscle while the least stress is obtained

at the Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Infraspinatus muscle is 0.39 MPa.

Fig. VI: Von Misses S

Fig. VII: Von

The graph represents the variation in

time. When the humerus starts displacing itself from the initial position, following the Flexion

motion, Von Mises stresses start inducing in the muscles and ligamen

Maximum stress is induced at 8 micro

this graph validate the previous stress plots.



93

Table V: Stresses on Dorsal Muscles

Name of Ligament Stress

0.39 MPa

0.22 MPa

aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor muscle while the least stress is obtained

at the Subscapularis muscle. The stress at the Infraspinatus muscle is 0.39 MPa.

s Stresses on Glenohumeral Joint and Costal Muscles

Von Misses Stresses on the Dorsal Muscles

The graph represents the variation in the maximum stresses induced with respect to change in


start inducing in the muscles and ligaments as shown in the above graph.

Maximum stress is induced at 8 micro-seconds when the value is 0.9 MPa. The results observed from

this graph validate the previous stress plots.



aximum stress is obtained at the Teres Minor muscle while the least stress is obtained

uscles

maximum stresses induced with respect to change in


ts as shown in the above graph.

seconds when the value is 0.9 MPa. The results observed from



Fig. VII: Graph of Max

7. CONCLUSION

An attempt has been made to achieve accurate results by using state

achieving accurate dimensions and using high end analysis softwares for the kinematics analysis.

The analysis of the shoulder joint was performed by using high end analysis softwares such as

Dyna and HyperMesh. The scope of the project can further be enhanced by assembling the further

bones of human arm, radius and ulna. More detailed analysis of othe

Abduction, Adduction, External Rotation, Internal rotation can be carried out. Same approach can be

used to model, simulate and analyze various human bones and joints

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors want to thank Mr. Shriniwas Metan and Dr. Vyankatesh Metan for their

invaluable guidance in biomechanics and anatomy of shoulder joint. We would also express our deep

gratitude to Mr. Jitendra Jagtap, the founder of

finite element modeling and analysis of shoulder joint.

9. REFERENCES

[1] Carol Oatis, “Kinesiology: The mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009

[2] W. Maurel, D. Thalmann, “Human

and joint sinus cones”, Computers

[3] Douglas D. Robertson et al, “

relevance to arthroplasty”, The Journal of Bone and

[4] Rho, J. Y., M. C. Hobatho, et al.

numbers in human bone”, Med Eng Phys



94

Graph of Maxima of Effective Stresses with Respect to Time

An attempt has been made to achieve accurate results by using state-of-the-art 3D scanner for


analysis of the shoulder joint was performed by using high end analysis softwares such as

esh. The scope of the project can further be enhanced by assembling the further

bones of human arm, radius and ulna. More detailed analysis of other shoulder movements such as


used to model, simulate and analyze various human bones and joints.

8. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



gratitude to Mr. Jitendra Jagtap, the founder of Optimizt Technologies, Pune for their guidance on

finite element modeling and analysis of shoulder joint.

Kinesiology: The mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement

Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2009, 118-119.

W. Maurel, D. Thalmann, “Human shoulder modelling including scapulo-thoracic constraint

and joint sinus cones”, Computers & Graphics, vol. 24, 2000, 203-218.

“Three-dimensional analysis of the proximal part of the humerus:

, The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 82-A (11), 2000 159

Hobatho, et al., “Relations of mechanical properties to density and

Med Eng Phys, 17(5), 1995, 347-355.



espect to Time

art 3D scanner for


analysis of the shoulder joint was performed by using high end analysis softwares such as LS

esh. The scope of the project can further be enhanced by assembling the further

r shoulder movements such as




for their guidance on

Kinesiology: The mechanics and pathomechanics of human movement”,

thoracic constraint

dimensional analysis of the proximal part of the humerus:

11), 2000 159-602.

nical properties to density and CT


6340(Print), ISSN 0976 – 6359(Online) Volume 4, Issue 4, July - August (2013) © IAEME

95

[5] Snyder, S. M. and E. Schneider, “Estimation of mechanical properties of cortical bone by

computed tomography”, J Orthop Res 9(3), 1991, 422-431.

[6] B D Chaurasiya, “Human anatomy: Upper limb & thorax”, CBS Publishers & Distributors,

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(IJECET), Volume 4, Issue 2, 2013, pp. 250 - 256, ISSN Print: 0976- 6464, ISSN Online:

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