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Awareness Support in Global Software Development: A Systematic Review Based on the 3C Collaboration Model
Igor SteinmacherAna Paula Chaves Steinmacher
Marco Aurelio Gerosa
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Types of Studies
Primary studies experiments, case studies, surveys etc.
Secondary studies (e.g. systematic review) for a specific subject analyze the existing
literature Gather and give interpretation to spread
empirical data Analyze evidences Identify new research areas
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Systematic Review
Very common in medicine
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Systematic Review
Aims to present a fair evaluation of a research topic by using a trustworthy, rigorous, and auditable methodology [Kitchenham, 2004]
Consists of three stages: Review Planning Review Conduction Review Analysis
Kitchenham, B.: Procedures for performing systematic reviews. Tech. rep., KeeleUniversity and NICTA (2004)
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Review Planning: Protocol Research Questions
Q1: What are the awareness studies carried out in order to improve the Global Software Development scenario?
Q2: Which of the 3Cs are these studies supporting?
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3C Collaboration Model
Borghoff, U.M. and Schlichter, J.H. (2000): Computer-Supported Cooperative Work: Introduction to Distributed Applications. Springer, USA.
Ellis, C.A., Gibbs, S.J. & Rein, G.L. (1991): Groupware - Some Issues and Experiences. Communications of the ACM, Vol. 34, No. 1, pp. 38-58.
arranges
that are managed by
demands
m ediates
Com m unication Coordination
Cooperation
generates c ommitments
fosters
m ediates
m ediates
fosters fosters
t asks for
Aw areness
Com m unica tion
conferencingsystem s
m essagesystem s
w ork flow
Coordina tionCoope ra tion
I n stan t M essag in gM essag e to Partic ip an t
Lesso n sFo llo w - U p Rep o rts
Bib lio g rap h yW eb lio g rap h y
D o cu men tatio n
M essag e to th e C lassCo n feren ce
D eb ate
Exams
electronicm eeting room s
shared inform ationspace
group editors
inte lligentagents
Co - au th o rsh ipN o tices
Tasks
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Review Planning: Protocol Keywords defined based on research
questions
Ref. Category Keywords
C1 Global Software Development
“Distributed software development,” “Global software development,” “Collaborative software development,” “Global software engineering,” “Globally distributed work,” “Collaborative software engineering,” “Distributed development,” “Distributed teams,” “Global software teams,” “Globally distributed development,” “Geographically distributed software development,” “Offshore software development,” “Dispersed teams,” “Virtual teams”
C2 Awareness Awareness
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Review Planning: Protocol Search Sources
Science@Direct (http://www.sciencedirect.com) El Compendex
(http://www.engineeringvillage.com) IEEE Digital Library (http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/) ACM Digital Library (http://portal.acm.org)
Only studies written in English and with online full paper available were considered
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Review Planning: Protocol Inclusion/Exclusion process:
1. Paper title and keywords analysis 2. Analysis based on the reading of
papers abstracts and keywords, considering research questions
3. Analysis of introduction, conclusion, and specific parts related to the contributions
4. All studies selected so far were read by the researchers and documented on a proper form
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Review Planning: Protocol The first three steps were performed
by two researchers, independently All the steps were reviewed by a more
experienced researcher We've dismissed:
studies related to awareness which did not focus on GSD domain
studies related to a same tool or environment, keeping just the most recent one (classifying them as duplicated)
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Review Planning: Protocol Studies categorization:
(i) case studies (ii) theoretical studies (iii) experiments (iv) tools (including frameworks and
architectures) (v) literature reviews
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Review Planning: Protocol Studies were also categorized
according to the level of support of each 3C model dimensions 3: Mainly supports 2: Also supports 1: Indirectly supports 0: Does not support
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Review Conduction
Query string is used to retrieve the candidate studies
Primary studies are identified, selected and evaluated according to the process defined in the review protocol
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Review Conduction
Distribution of studies found
SourcePaper
s found
Papers excluded per analysis stepReleva
nt studies
Primary studies selecte
dTitle Abstract/
keywordsIntroduction/conclusion
Repeated/duplicated
IEEE 37 11 4 6 2 14 10
ACM 325 256 20 9 5 35 26
ScienceDirect
229 203 9 10 2 5 3
El Com-pendex
86 64 5 1 13 3 3
Total 677 534 38 26 22 57 42
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Review Analysis
Data from the studies selected are extracted and synthesized
Analysis performed Studies per year Studies per type 3C collaboration model categorization
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Review Analysis
Amount of relevant studies per year
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Review Analysis
Venn Diagram for type of primary studies
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9 9
5
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Review Analysis
Distribution according to 3C model
39 27
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Review Analysis: tools classification according to the 3C model
Coordination Cooperation Communication
Conflict indication 8 2 0
Artifact change indication 8 5 0
Actitity control (workflow, logs, agenda, worklist)
6 0 0
Presence/status indication 7 0 0
Context/subject-aware message exchange
0 0 5
Historical log 0 3 0
Historic based expert search/recommendation
4 0 0
Social/socio-techinical network 4 2 0
Source code annotation 0 3 0
Collaborative artifact synchronous handling
0 3 0
Screen sharing 2 2 0
Informal/social communication 0 0 1
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Conclusions
79% of primary studies introduce a new tool with some awareness support to GSD gathering information from source code
version management repositories, provide awareness, supporting coordination and cooperation.
Regarding 3C model Studies focus on coordination Communication is poorly explored
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Conclusions: some opportunities Lack of studies and tools offering
solutions that could provide awareness regarding recent (or real time) context
No studies merging ubiquitous computing, GSD and awareness
Few studies dealing with how to use awareness regarding the physical location of a team member
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Conclusions: some opportunities
We could not find studies providing awareness support to development phases other than coding
We have not found studies dealing with awareness to overcome issues related to cultural, political, geographical differences
Lack of awareness initiatives to avoid ambiguity and misunderstandings
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Conclusions
Awareness for GSD is an area that is growing lately, presenting a large number of studies published
There still available for more research
More details regarding this review can be found at www.igor.pro.br/awarenessRS
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Limitations
We did not perform our search into every possible source
Classification is a human process and can be considered subjective
