Anatomy and PhysiologyReviewer

The embryonic germ layer from which the skin and nervous system are derived is

A. Ectoderm

C. MesodermD. None of

these

B. Endoderm

All of these characteristics correctly describe epithelial cells EXCEPT:

A. cover surfaces, either outside or inside the body.

C. capillaries penetrate the basement membrane to

provide a good blood supply.

D. have little extracellular material between them.

B. usually have a free surface and a basal

surface

Tall, thin epithelial cells with only some cells reaching the free surface, but with all cells attached to the basement

membrane are called

A. simple squamous epithelium.

C. simple columnar epithelium.

D. pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

B. simple cuboidal epithelium.

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in the

A. lining of the mouth.

C. pancreas. D. skin.

B. lining of the urinary bladder.

Epithelial cells that can stretch from a cuboidal or columnar shape to a squamous shape are called

A. simple squamous epithelium.

C. pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

D. stratified cuboidal epthelium

B. transitional epithelium.

In which of these locations would pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium intermixed with goblet cells

be found?

A. lining of nasal cavity and trachea

C. lining of serous membranes D. surface of the skin

B. lining of the small intestine

The lining of blood vessels is covered with

A. simple ciliated cuboidal epithelium.

C. simple squamous epithelium.

D. simple columnar epithelium with

microvilli.

B. transitional epithelium.

Glands that secrete substances with no actual loss of cellular material are

A. endocrine

C. exocrine D. merocrine

B. apocrine

Which of these is NOT found in connective tissue?

A. collagen

C. Hyaluronic acid D. elastin

B. Basement membrane

The connective tissue that forms "packing" around organs and attaches the skin to underlying structures is

A. loose

C. Dense collagenous D. blood

B. cartilage

Hemopoietic tissue is found in

A. Red marrow

C. cartilage D. Blood vessels

B. dermis

A tissue with collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and chondrocytes is

A. bone

C. cartilage D. ligaments

B. tendons

Which type of tissue is described by the following three characteristics? 1. matrix composed almost entirely of collagen fibers 2. fibers can all be oriented in the same direction or in many different directions 3. able to withstand great pulling forces in the direction of fiber orientation

A. adipose

C. cartilage D. Loose connective

B. Dense connective

Which tissue possesses all of the following characteristics? 1. cells cylindrical in shape2. striated3. usually one nucleus per cell4. often branched and connected by intercalated disks5. under involuntary control

A. Skeletal muscle

C. Cardiac muscle D. None of these

B. Smooth muscle

Jimmy Flatout had an emergency appendectomy. As the surgeon cut through

the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity, all of these tissue types were cut

EXCEPT:

A. dense irregular connective tissue.

C. simple squamous epithelium.

D. pseudostratified ciliated columnar

epithelium.

B. Adipose tissue

In nerve cells, processes that conduct action potentials away from the cell body

are

A. dendrites

C. axon D. neuroalgia

B. Cell body

Inflammation of the membranes associated with the abdominopelvic cavity

is called

A. pericarditis.

C. peritonitis. D. rhinitis

B. pleurisy

Which of these is NOT a chemical mediator of inflammation?

A. kinins

C. histamine D. prostaglandins

B. neutrophils

Which of these tissues readily regenerates following an injury?

A. Skeletal muscle

C. Smooth muscle D. Epithelial

B. Cardiac muscle

Which of these cells are stable cells?

A. Liver cells

C. Neurons D. Skin cells

B. Cardiac cells

The largest percentage of molecules that make up the cell membrane are

A. carbohydrates, nucleic acids, and

proteins.

C. phospholipids, cholesterol, and

proteins.

D. water, carbohydrates and

cholesterol.

B. nucleic acids, amino acids, and fatty acids.

Although the basic structure of the plasma membrane is determined mainly by its

__________ , the functions of the plasma membrane are determined mainly by its

__________ .

A. carbohydrates, lipids

C. lipids, proteins D. nucleic acids, lipids

B. proteins, lipids

Which molecules in the cell membrane are mostly glycoproteins

A. carrier molecules

C. channel proteins D. receptor molecules

B. marker molecules

Which of these conditions decreases the rate of diffusion?

A. increased concentration gradient

C. increased viscosity D. decreased size of solute particles

B. increased temperature

Which of these substances diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer of the cell

membrane?

A. glucose

C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide D. Na and K

B. Amino acid

A 10% salt solution is __________ to distilled water.

A. isosmotic

C. hyposmotic D. Cannot be determined

B. hyperosmotic

You place blood cells in an unknown solution and observe them with a microscope; you

notice that most of the cells have crenated. Therefore, you conclude that the unknown

solution is __________ to the cells.

A. isosmotic

C. hypotonic D. hyperosmotic

B. hypertonic

Membranes lining body cavities that lack openings to the outside are called

A. Serous

C. Mucous D. Synovial

B. Epithelial

Solution A has a greater osmotic pressure that solution B. Therefore, solution A

contains __________ solutes and __________ water than solution B.

A. more, less

C. fewer, less D. more, more

B. fewer, more

Given these observations concerning a transport process into a cell: 1. ATP is required 2. does not exhibit saturation 3. solid particles are transported

A. Active transport

C. Facilitated diffusion D. phagocytosis

B. pinocytosis

Formation of a secretory vesicle, fusion of the secretory vesicle to the cell membrane,

and release of the contents of the secretory vesicles outside the cell

describes

A. endocytosis

C. exocytosis D. diffusion

B. osmosis

Which of these processes involves a sodium-potassium exchange pump and

two carrier molecules?

A. cotransport

C. exocytosis D. countertransport

B. Active transport

Microtubules are

A. composed of actin filaments.

C. smaller in diameter than other cytoskeleton

components.D. All are correct.

B. essential components of cilia, flagella, centrioles, and

spindle fibers.

The production and export of milk from mammary gland cells involves which of

these cell organelles?

A. SER

C. Golgi Body D. All of these.

B. RER

During embryonic development, some structures are formed and then

degenerate; the cell organelles responsible for the breakdown of these structures are

the

A. Mitochonria

C. Golgi Body D. Lysosome

B. Vacuole

Aerobic respiration produces __________ ATP molecules, __________ require oxygen to be available, and produces __________

as end product(s).

A. 2, does not, CO2 and water

C. 2, does, lactic acid D. 36-38, does not, lactic acid

B. 36-38, does, CO2 and water

A sequence of nucleotides in DNA that provides a chemical set of instructions for

making a functional protein is called a

A. codons

C. genes D. mRNA

B. anti-codons

The __________ on a tRNA molecule pairs with three nucleotides on a mRNA

molecule.

A. codons

C. genes D. mRNA

B. anti-codons

Regions of DNA that do not code for portions of a protein are called

A. codons

C. extrons D. introns

B. anti-codons

During the process of translation, __________ tRNA molecule(s) occupy(ies)

the tRNA binding site(s) on a ribosome.

A. one

C. three D. hundreds of

B. two

Replication of DNA takes place during the

A. G1 phase

C. G2 phase D. prophase

B. S phase

During the process of DNA replication,

A. one new DNA strand is formed.

C. the production of new nucleotide strands is

catalyzed by DNA ligase.D. All of these

B. each new DNA molecule has one strand of nucleotides from the

original DNA and one newly synthesized strand.

Which of these processes is associated with meiosis, but not mitosis?

A. cytokinesis

C. DNA replication prior to division D. All of these

B. crossing over

Muscle tissue is characterized by its

A. strength

C. contractility D. rigidity

B. durability

A tissue specialized for energy storage and thermal insulation is

A. loose

C. muscle D. adipose

B. dense

All permanent connective tissues originate with the _______ of the embryo.

A. Mucous

C. muscle D. adipose

B. mesenchyme

About 90% of all cancers originate from

A. Connective tissue

C. Nervous tissue D. Epithelial tissue

B. Muscle tissue

Inflammatory reactions usually occur in

A. Epithelium

C. Connective tissue D. Muscle tissue

B. Nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue is characterized by

A. tightly packed cells

C. extensive extracellular matrix

D. absence of any basement membrane

B. a rich blood supply

Cartilage tissues are likely to be slow in healing following an injury because

A. cartilage cells cannot reproduce

C. the intercellular material is missing

D. cartilage cells are surrounded by fluids

B. they lack direct blood supplies

Which of the following cell organelles would be most important in secretory

epithelial cells?

A. Lysosome

C. Golgi body D. perixosome

B. mitochondria

Epithelial tissue that can stretch or is subjected to stress would have many

A. Desmosomes

C. Hemidesmosomes D. Perixosome

B. Gap junction

Extracellular liquid matrix in blood is

A. Plasma

C. Fibroblast D. Collagen

B. RBC’s

The gel of the extracellular matrix is composed mostly of water and

A. Elastin

C. Fibroblast D. Collagen

B. Proteoglycans

When cardiac muscle cells are damaged by a heart attack, they are usually replaced by

A. connective tissue cells

C. new smooth muscle cells

D. new cardiac muscle cells

B. Epithelial cells

God Bless You!!!