193 b.p.pattanaik

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE PRODUCTION OF KARANJA BIODIESEL AND ITS APPLICATION IN A LOW COMPRESSION RATIO

DIESEL ENGINE

B. P. Pattanaik1*, M. K. Mohanty2, B. K. Nanda1, S. K. Nayak1, R. Panua3, P. K. Bose3

1School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha2College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha

3Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Agartala, Tripura

Presented at the 4th International Conference on “Advances in Energy Research (ICAER-2013)” 10 – 12 December 2013 , IIT Bombay

ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay

OBJECTIVES

Development of Karanja biodiesel from neat Karanja oil

by base catalyzed transesterification methodCharacterization of fuel properties of Karanja oil, Karanja

biodiesel and comparison with dieselPreparation of test fuels in the form of biodiesel blendsApplication of the test fuels to a single cylinder low

compression ratio diesel engineEstimation of various engine performance and emission

parameters for various test fuels and comparison of those with that of diesel fuel

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ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay 3

INTRODUCTIONWhy Alternative Energy?Limited stock of present fossil fuel reserves which will

last for few more years to comeIncreasing rate of air-pollution from automobiles using

petroleum based fuelsAlarming increase in Green House Gases in the

atmosphereReducing health standards due to excessive automobile

pollutionContinuous hike in crude petroleum prices


Causes for Promotion of Biofuels

Contribution to the Energy Security PolicyEnvironmental ConcernsForeign Exchange SavingsSocio-Economic Issues Related to Rural SectorGreater Use of Renewable EnergyLess Green House Gas Emissions


Biodiesel as a Renewable FuelBiodiesel is a chemically derived fuel comprised of Mono-

alkyl ester / Methyl ester of long chain fatty acids of the triglycerides present in the straight vegetable oil (SVO) / animal fat obtained during the transesterification Process.

It possesses almost similar fuel properties as mineral dieselCompletely bio-degradable and non-toxicRequires no engine modifications when used in enginesProduces less green house gas emissions as compared to

diesel


Karanja as a potential source for biodiesel production

Suitable climatic and soil conditions for Karanja plantation in the Indian context

Can grow in unused and infertile landsHigher oil content in the harvested seedsCompletely non-edible vegetable oilHigher conversion yield potential for biodiesel productionLow cost biodiesel production


Photograph of Karanja Tree


Harvested Karanja fruits and seeds


Structure of Neat Vegetable Oil


The Transesterification Reaction


Transesterification Process


EXPERIMENTALBiodiesel Production Methodology

Heating & Grease Removal of Vegetable oilAcid Esterification of Vegetable oilReagent Mixture Preparation (KOH+CH3OH)Base Catalyst Transesterification below 65°CBiodiesel SeparationMethanol RecoveryGlycerol CollectionBiodiesel Collection, Washing & Purification


Schematic diagram of a small biodiesel reactor


Sl No. Process parameters Description

1 Process selected Alkali catalyzed transesterification

2 Reaction temperature 55 – 60 oC

3 Sample oil used 1250 ml of neat Karanja oil

4 Methanol used 200 ml / kg of oil

5 Catalyst used (KOH) 0.5 – 1 % per kg of oil

6 Reaction time 1.5 hours

7 Settling time 8 – 10 hours

8 Water washing 8 – 24 hours

9 Stirring speed 550 – 700 rpm

Process Parameters used during Transesterification


Biodiesel & Glycerol Separation


Variation in viscosity of Karanja oil with temperature


Comparison in density at various stages of biodiesel production


Comparison of viscosity of Karanja oil at various stages


Comparison in FFA composition of Karanja oil at various stages


Biodiesel Conversion Yield

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400.74

0.76

0.78

0.8

0.82

0.84

0.86

0.88

0.9

0.92

Reaction Time (Min.)

Con

vers

ion

Yie

ld (

%)


Characterization of Fuel PropertiesProperties Karanja oil Karanja biodiesel Diesel ASTM Methods

Density at 25oC (kg/m3) 910 880 860 D 1298

Kinematic Viscosity at 40oC (cSt.)

34.78 6.5 2.56 D 445

Acid value (mg KOH/g) 30.8 1.12 - D 664

FFA (mg KOH/g) 15.4 0.56 - D 664

Calorific value (MJ/kg) 36.4 40.2 44.2 D 240

Cetane number 32.22 56.64 47 D 613

Flash point (oC) 219 124 76 D 93

Fire point (oC) 228 146 78 D 93

Cloud point (oC) 9

5 -10 D 2500

Pour point (oC) 3

-2 -18 D 97


Preparation of Biodiesel Blends (Test Fuels)

B-20 (20% Biodiesel + 80% Petro Diesel)B-50 (50% Biodiesel + 50% Petro Diesel)B-100 (100% Biodiesel)


Photograph of various test fuel samples


Schematic Presentation of the Test Engine


Photograph of the Test Engine Setup


Test Engine SpecificationParameter Description

Make/Model Kirloskar oil engines India Ltd / AV-1

Engine type Four-Stroke diesel engine

No. of cylinder One

Bore × Stroke 80 × 110 mm2

Compression ratio 16.5:1

Injection pressure 220 bar

Injection nozzle opening 23obTDC

Rated power 6.25 kW

Rated speed 1500 rpm

Cooling type Water cooled

Lubricating oil SAE 20 W40

Dynamometer Eddy current type (10kW, 43.5 A)


RESULTSEngine Performance Analysis1. Brake Thermal Efficiency


2. Brake Specific Energy Consumption


3. Exhaust Gas Temperature


Engine Emission Analysis4. CO Emission


5. HC Emission


6. CO2 Emission


7. Smoke Emission


8. NOX Emission


CONCLUSIONSThe BTE was found to be increasing and the BSEC found to be

decreasing with increase in engine power output. The BTE was highest for diesel and the BSEC was highest for Karanja biodiesel at all loads.

The CO and HC emission decrease initially at lower loads and then increases when the load is increased above 50%. The CO and HC emissions were also found to be higher for diesel.

The CO2 emission in g/kWh decreases with increase in engine power and the smoke emission increases with engine power and load. Smoke emission was higher in case of B50 and B100.


Continued….The EGT increases with increase in engine power and NOx

emission in g/kWh was found to be decreasing with increase in engine power and load. Both EGT and NOx emission were higher for Karanja biodiesel.


FUTURE SCOPEBiodiesel being more viscous than diesel may require frequent

cleaning of engine components. Use of preheated biodiesel blends in engines may be studied.

Biodiesel if used for longer time in engines causes corrosive effects. Studies on engine wear and corrosion due to the use of biodiesel must be carried out.

Biodiesel combustion causes higher combustion and exhaust temperatures. Studies must be carried out for suitable engine modifications resulting in low temperatute biodiesel combustion.


Continued….Higher NOx emission due to biodiesel combustion is a great

matter of environmental concern. Investigation must be undertaken for reduction of the same using newer methods like exhaust gas recirculation.


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe authors are extremely thankful to the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata and the College of Agriculture Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar, Odisha for providing laboratory facilities for conduct of the experiments.

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ICAER 2013, IIT Bombay