Trafficker responses to law enforcement policies

WP2: The act of human trafficking

@TRACE_EU http://trace-project.eu

Changes in policies / legislation Consequences Methodology Crime displacement Findings Case of Romania


Cyprus (attempt to fight human trafficking)

Decision of the Ministerial Committee, 2009

Abolition of special visas for artists (artiste visas)

working in cabarets and pubs


2008 - 75 cabarets nationwide 2014 - 25 cabarets

(67 % decrease)

(2005 - 2008) 8650 artist visas issued (2009 – 2014) 3097 performing visas

(64% decrease)


Prostitution is to some extent regulated

nuisances accrued from prostituted spaces

procurement

public soliciting for the purposes of prostitution

and all sorts of pertinent commercial undertakings are penalised

only individual and volitional prostitution is not illegal


Cabarets live dancing shows with nude women

paid sex

customer accompaniment

Pubs (notorious)

paid sex

customer accompaniment


Univariate statistical analysis of police intelligence 2004 – 2014 (N = 1103)

T-tests for independent samples


police intelligence v police recorded crime

Police intelligence

▪ more impartial (private citizens report it)

▪ unaffected by political agendas

Recorded crime

▪ victims’ hesitation to report

▪ police’s overloading / lack of resources / unwillingness

▪ political sidestepping


relocation of crime change of the conduits by which crime is

conducted shift in the times of crime commission shift in the types of venues which host crime shift in the actors who become involved in

crime


In 2009 and after, due to the abolition of the artiste visa, the crime of human trafficking (including acts of prostitution) changed character:

shift in places and time where sexual exploitation/prostitution take place,

shift in the actors involved in such criminal endeavours


Dependent variable Number of acts (sexual exploitation/prostitution)

Independent variables Nationality of offenders

Season

Conduit

Venue

Sex of offenders



83.278.5

82.787.4

82.6

75.8

59

53.250,8 50.8 52.7

16.821.5

17.312.6

17.4

24.2

41

46.8

53,549,2

47.3

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Pimp

Individual


81.2578

92

78.1

92.5

69.266.7 51,2

51.2

6057.1

18.7522

8

21.9

7.5

30.833.3

37

48,8

4042.9

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Native

Foreigner

Linear (Native)

Linear (Foreigner)


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Male

Female

Both

Linear (Male)

Linear (Female)


54

45.543.5

50

41.3

53.8

4344.7

33.3

46.546

54.556.5

50

58.7

46.2

5755.3

66.7

53.5

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Low season

High season

Linear (Low season)

Linear (High season)


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Cabaret

Pub

Client's Plc

Htl Room

Rest/Café

Street

Massage Parlor

Apt/House

Romania

Laws for countering organized crime, provide for special techniques of investigation (e.g. wiretapping, undercover officers, etc.)

Implementation of Victims coordination program, by law enforcement and judicial authorities


Traffickers using many phone devices Speaking on phone less Use codes in communication Individual or small numbered groups Control of entire process of THB


Shifts in the crime of human trafficking:

male dominated unisex

indigenous offenders foreign offenders

organized groups individual offending

cabarets & pubs private flats & houses

all year round crime seasonal crime


THANK YOU!


Science

Trafficker responses to law enforcement policies