Lecciones y factores de éxito -

Microrredes Rurales Fotovoltaicas

Unai Arrieta Salgado

Trama TecnoAmbiental (TTA), Barcelona

unai.arrieta@tta.com.es 1

Energía fuera de la red para el desarrollo rural en América

Latina y el Caribe - Taller de clausura

Ciudad de Panamá

2-3 Mayo 2017

• SME Founded in Barcelona en 1986

• Independent consultants and engineers in distributed renewable energy

Since 1987: Off-grid rural electrification practitioners

Design and Project management of RE-hybrid micro-power plants and micro grids for rural electrification in southern Europe, Africa, Latin America, Oceania …

Micro-grid project developers, implementers and operators

Other areas: Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Building, Distributed Urban PV

Trama TecnoAmbiental (TTA)

Member of:

3 villages

(Chad)

2002

2005

2009

Santo Antâo

(Cape Verde)

Las Balsas (Ecuador)

Akane

(Morocco)

2012

Cal Peraire

(Spain)

1987:

Beginning Farmhouses PV

electrification

(Spain)

1994

2006

Escuain

(Spain)

1997 Font:TTA

2007

Atouf

(Palestine)

Diakha Madina (Senegal)

Beni Said

(Morocco)

Isla

Floreana

(Ecuador)

2015 2016

4 villages

(Ghana)

Burundi

La Rambla del Agua

(Spain)

Tanzania

Rwanda and

Kenya

PV off-grid Micro-grid Experience

2014 2013

PROJECT CYCLE OF A MICRO-GRID

1. Project identification 2. Need assessment and data gathering

4. Techno-economic analysis

5. Engineering 6. Procurement

7. Installation 8. Commissioning 9. Capacity building 10. Service operation

3. Business model and tariff definition

Usos

productiv

os

CHALLENGE: SHARING THE ENERGY AVAILABLE WITHOUT CONFLICTS

Need comprehensive experience in technical and management levels with multidisciplinary skills

Need innovative approach to energy distribution and metering!

HIGHLIGHTED CHALLENGES OF MICROGRIDS

Social Aspects

• Identifying final users’ energy needs (energy services-electricity)

• Sharing the available energy / resource without conflicts

Management of individual energy

demand

• Provide incentives to use the available energy at moments with generation surplus

• Accumulate energy not used, for each user, independently

• Guide users on how to improve energy use habits

Technical-economic sustainability of

service

• Ensure that battery, inverters etc. operate within design thresholds

• Reduce tariff collection uncertainty

• Tariffs reflect real operating costs

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

BUSINESS MODEL

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS

DEMAND CHARACTERIZATION

QUALITY SOLUTION (ENGINEERING & COMPONENTS)

METERING CONCEPT

and TARIFFS

PROCUREMENT & LOGISTICS

O&M

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

BUSINESS MODEL

CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS

DEMAND CHARACTERIZATION

QUALITY SOLUTION (ENGINEERING & COMPONENTS)

METERING CONCEPT

and TARIFFS

PROCUREMENT & LOGISTICS

O&M

1. ASSESS THE ENERGY DEMAND

Demand characterisation

2. COMPARATIVE DEMAND CHARACTERISATION

Assessment of load categories based on data analysis of similar villages and own experience

– Through surveys, questionnaires and own observation

– The users are not experts

– Define users’ demand requirements

– Consider socio-economic data

Pefil consumo para uso doméstico, servicios, pequeña industria (<200

kWh/mes)

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

3,5 14

24,5 35

45,5 56

66,5 77

87,5 98

108,5

119

129,5

140

Rangos de consumo mensual (kWh)

us

ua

rio

s %

de

l to

tal

Added value solution: Scalable

Monte Trigo, Cape Verde

Chad

Financial Sustainability :

• Tariffs designed to ensure enough revenues to cover its M&O&M, replacement and unforeseen costs and, including or not, pay-back of investment

Tariff Schemes for energy management

Tariff schemes:

-Power-based

-Energy-based

-Service-based (EDA)

-Combination of above

Linked to the quality of service:

Service duration Service disruption

(max)

24/7 ˂ 1%

18/24, 12/24, … ˂ 10%, ˂ 15%, …

Weekends On demand

Seasonal …

METERING AND ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Electricity Dispenser

ENERGY DAILY ALLOWANCE TARIFF

IMPLEMENTATION

Electricity metering

Vending system Energy and Financial

audit

Clients’ management and financial statements

X Wh/day (flexible) and Y W or kW; pre-paid fixed monthly fee ($/month),

different for different energy/power levels. Dispensers allow for a flexible

and smart energy demand:

•Management of individual energy depending on status of micro-grid.

•User interface red/green LEDs for awareness and demand management

•Equipment operates within design thresholds extending life

•Simplified financial planning and transparent, between operator and users

The EDA algorithm

As an analogy, we can imagine the dispenser as a buffer water tank The tank gets a constant trickle inflow from the micro-grid proportional to the contracted energy daily allowance The tank empties as energy is consumed

When the consumption is equal to the fill up rate we are in balanced consumption The tank has a capacity equivalent to 3 days of energy daily allowance You can use this energy anytime but you cannot store more units than the tank’s capacity

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

DEMAND SIDE MANAGEMENT

Give incentives to the users to shift their demand to follow energy production times

Radiation W/m2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Bonus f > 52 Hz

Restriction f < 49 Hz

Normal Normal

08:00 12:00 16:00 06:00 18:00

Low SOC of battery

Battery fully charged

Legal Framework

• Create or adapt regulation to the reality of off-grid areas, both in

terms of socio-economic aspects and technology aspects

• Open to different tariff schemes (such as EDA) and allow

methodologies to set schemes/rates different to grid-connected (for

instance, rates based on agreements between users and operators)

• Set how/what subsidies are applicable; rather subsidise capital

costs than recurrent tariffs

• Regulate and recognise the “right to exist” (as any other business)

of private, local micro-grid operators

• Simplify administrative / bureaucratic processes for small projects

(for instance below 1MW, 2MW etc.)

Cost structure – capital costs

CAPEX

Generation

(Wp)

Storage

(kWh)

Conversion

(kVA)

Distribution grid

(km, connexions)

Logistics / R

emo

tene

ss

Services / Local m

arket matu

rity/risk

MUCHAS

GRACIAS!

unai.arrieta@tta.com.es

www.tta.com.es