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◊ Body fluid
◊ Types of fluid
◊ Compositon of fluid
◊ Functions of body water
◊ Water balance
◊ Osmoconformers
◊ Osmoregulators
◊ Types of environment
◊ Osmoregulation in different enviroment
◊ Types of osmoregulatory organs in invertebrates
60% of body weight of young male51% of body weight of young female 40% in obese persons 72 kg weighted youn male contain 42 liters
body fluid
Body fluid
۞Two types of body fluid is present in humans
1)Interacellular fluid
2)Extracellular fluid
Types of body fluid
water inside the cell is called intracellular fluid
Constitiute about 2/3 of total body fluid
About 28 liters in young 40% of total body weight
Intracellular fluid
Main Cation:- K+ , Mg2+ , Na+ along with small
amount of Ca2+
Main Anion:-
HPO4 2- and protein along with small amount of Cl-, HCO3- and SO42-
pH:-
almost 7 pH.
Composition of ICF
Ж Fluid outside the cells Ж Found in blood, in lymph, in body
cavities lined with serous membrane, in the cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body tissues.
Ж 20% of body weightЖ constitute about 1/3 of total body
fluid
Extracellular Fluid
¥ Main Cation:-
Na+ , K+ and small amount of Ca2+ and Mg2+
¥ Main Anion:-
Cl- , HCO3-, protein and small amount of HPO42- and SO42-.
¥ pH:-
is about 7.4
Composition of ECF
It can be subdivided into two following types:
a)Intravascular fluid
b)Extravascular fluid
Subdivisions of ECF
☼ Fluid within blood vessels
☼ Made up of blood, serum (water, clotting factors, chemicals and electrolytes)
☼ Normally ¼ of ECF volume
☼ about 5% of body weight
Intravascular Fluid
₢ Fluid outside the blood vessels
₢ Normally about ¾ of ECF volume
₢ 15% body weight
₢ It includes:
i. Interstitial fluid( tissue fluid)
ii.Transcellular fluid(cerebrospinal and intraocular fluids)
Extravascular fluid
Medium for chemical and enzymatic reactions
Medium for physical reactions, filtration and diffusion
Ionizing medium Regulates the body temp.Lubricant in joints and pleura
Functions of Body Water
Refractive medium in eyeMechanical buffer in cerebrospinal fluid to
protect the brain Medium for exchange of gases in lungs
and tissues.
Balance b/w daily water gain and water loss
Under normal condition, both are equal (2300 ml/day each)
So body fluid remains in balance.
Water Balance
Normally about 2300ml/day.Gain from 2 sources:
1.Exogeneous water:-
by oral route (by drinking and eating)
averages about 2000 ml/day
Water Gain
2. Endogeneous water:-
formed inside the body
It is as a result of oxidation of H2 .
Normally about 300ml/day.
o Normally lose 2300 ml/day as follows:
a)1400 ml in urine
b)100 ml in feces
c)350 ml by evaporating from respiratory tract
d)450 ml from skin
Water Loss
Maintance of osmotic pressure by control of water and salt conc.
Types of Animals on the Basis of Osmoregulation:-
a)Osmoconformers
b)Osmoregulators
Osmoregulation
Osmoconformers
which maintain body osmotic conc. To external environment.
Examples:-
marine invertebrates such as echinoderms (such as starfish), mussels, marine crabs, lobsters, jellyfish, ascidians (sea squirts
Osmoregulators
Which regulate body osmotic conc. To external environment.
Examples:-
Cartilagnious fishes, bony fishes, fresh water protozoa, Ameoba, Paramecium, almost all vertebrates including humans.
Types of Environment
• Hypertonic Environment:-
Contain large amount of solutes
• Hypotonic Environment:-
Contain small amount of solutes
• Isotonic Environment:-
Amount of solutes balanced
Osmoregultion in Marine Envir.Marine fish hypotonic to their environment Blood has high level of water to their
surroundings Water molecules diffuse out by osmosisMust replace water which lose by osmosisProduce small amount of urine Brings large amount of salt
To replace water they drink sea water Have low rate of filtration in their kidney
tubules Have small glomerulus Salts are removed by rectal glands
Osmoregulation in fresh water environment
๏ hypertonic to their surroundings
๏ blood has a lower water concentration than the surrounding fresh water.
๏ Water molecules diffuse from the fresh water into the blood by osmosis.
๏ must produce a very large volume of urine
๏ large volume of urine carries salt with it
๏ remove a large volume of water from the blood by having a high rate of filtration into thekidney
๏ having many large glomeruli
๏ salt replacement is solved by chloride secretory cells
Osmoregulatory organ in Invertebrates
following osmoregulatory structures are present
Contractile vacuoles ProtonephridiaMetanephridiaGreen & Maxillary glandsMalphigian tubulesCoxal Glands
Contractile vacuoles
Need energy Expel excess water from individual cell to
hypo osmotic environment Present in fresh water species like
protozoan and sponges
Protonephridia
Present in annelids, larval molluscs and some flatworms
Primitive Nephridia Composed of network of excretory canals Flame cell system present on execratory
canals Flame cells filter surrounding interstitial
fluid
Cilia propels the fluid through excretory canals
Then it moves out from body through excretory pores
Primarily eliminates excess water Nitrogenous waste are simply diffuse
across the body surface
Metanephridia
Present in many annelids, earthworms and many molluscs at their adult stage
Advanced type of excretory system Begins with a ciliated funnel
“nephrostome” Opens in body cavity Beating of cilia moves the fluid into
tubules
Network of capillaries surrounds the tubule
Reabsorbs ions Tubules open in enlarged bladder Bladder opens outside the body through
nephridiopore
Excretory organs in crustaceans
They have following structures:
¶ Gills
¶ Green glands or Antennal glands
¶ Maxillary glands
Gills remove nitrogenous waste by diffusion in some crustaceans
Green glands are present in crayfish & crabs
Located near antenna and green in color Fluid filters from hemocoel Hemolymph pressure cause filtration Nephridial canals also present
Malphigian tubules Present in insects Attached with gut K ions moves in tubules through active
transport Water follows osmotically Some water and ions are reabsorbed Tubules open into gut &all uric acid
passes to gut
Coxal Glands Present in spiders, scorpions & mites Spherical sacs Collect waste from Hemolymph Discharge it through pores Pores are present on appendages &
these are present near proximal part of joint of leg
Also secret pheromones