Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Organic Pest Management for High Tunnel Production of Small Fruits
Dr. Donn Johnson, ProfessorDepartment of Entomology
MonitoringStrawberries:
Cutworms, Spider mites, AphidsNew: MyIPM Smartphone App Strawberry Diseases
Brambles:Spider mites, Aphids, Rednecked Cane Borer,
Spotted wing drosophila (SWD)Exclusion of SWD
Watch for Broad MiteSummary
Monitoring insects and mites
Optivisor
16X Hand lens
Cutworms
Spider mites
Aphids
Strawberry Pests In High Tunnel
No spotted wing drosophila found in harvested strawberries through mid-June
Cutworms
• Biology: in high tunnel, larvae overwinter in soil and chew small holes on strawberry leaves at night
• Damage: leaf feeding appears soon after transplanting strawberries in fall
• Monitor: as soon as planted for holes in leaves
• Treatment: if holes seen, apply Bt
Aphids in High TunnelCaste skins and honey dew on plastic
Aphids and skins on berry
• Biology: several aphid species increase on lower leaves and runners soon after fall planting through spring harvest; multiple generations
• Damage: such sap from leaves, stems and fruit, excrete honey dew (sooty mold), and molt leaving caste skins on leaves, plastic and fruit
• Monitor: weekly, check for aphids on underside of 10 lower leaflets in 10 locations across planting (use 16X lens)
Aphids
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
10-Dec 24-Dec 7-Jan 21-Jan
No
. ap
hid
s /
leaf
let
High Tunnel in Harrison, AR
• Set out 4 yellow sticky traps
• More aphids found on older leaves near plastic than younger upper leaves and also on runners
• Nearing 2 aphids / leaflet on 26 January
Aphids numbers differ between 7 rows and
along each row
Row1Row3Row5Row7
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No
. ap
hid
s /
lea
flet
Plant # from east door
NACC High Tunnel Festival (26 Jan. 2015)
Back Pack Air Blast Sprayer for Good Leaf Coverage (both sides)
Treatment: If > 2 aphids, apply JMS Stylet Oil or insecticidal soap or Naturalis O (Beauveria bassiana) (use air blast sprayer)
• Treatment: If < 2 aphids / leaflet, you can release natural enemies• Release 1,000 wasps in aphid mummies 2-3 times at one week
intervals (@ $100 / 1,000 wasp parasitized mummies)Sources: Arbico Organics, Biobest, Garden Warriors, Koppert, Rincon-Vitova
• Parasitic wasp (Aphidius colemani) As larva matures inside the aphid, the aphid dies, and turns into a
tan, round mummy Adult wasp chews hole in mummy, feeds on honey dew and injects
eggs in aphids
Aphid Natural Enemies
(UC-IPM)
Aphid Natural Enemies
• Treatment: If < 2 aphids / leaflet, you can release natural enemies; Experimental release 1,500 eggs or larvae / tunnel Source: USDA-ARS Stoneville, MS (Dr. Eric Riddick)
• Predatory spotted lady beetle (Coleomegilla maculata) is a North American native
• Plant pollen may constitute up to 50% of the diet
Releasing Lady Beetles
Aphid Natural EnemiesRelease eggs or larvae of predatory spotted lady beetle
(Source: USDA-ARS Stoneville, MS; Dr. Eric Riddick)
NEW: Smartphone APP: MyIPMStrawberry/Peach Diseases - conventional and organic management
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=edu.clemson.myIPM
Android version - Google PlayiOS version - Apple Store Contact: Guido Schnabel, Clemson U.
Phone: 864 656 6705Email: [email protected]
Bramble Pests in High Tunnel
Spider mites
Aphids
Spotted wing drosophila
Blackberry Pests In High Tunnel
Rednecked cane borer
Air blast Sprayer for Good Coverage of Leaves
Wear spray suit, cover head, goggles, respirator
Spider Mites on Strawberry
Spider Mites in Raspberries
• Biology: by May, mites begin to buildup on lower cane leaves and gradually move up cane to younger leaves; multiple generations
• Damage: suck chlorophyll sap from leaf cells = white stippling by late-June which reduces yield / flavor and kills leaves
• Monitor: by May, begin weekly jarring mites off leaves showing white stippling onto white plate (see moving specks) or use 16X lens to count mites on underside of leaves
• Treatment:
If < 2 mites / leaflet, release 1,000 predatory mites (N. californicus) per tunnel weekly for 2 to 3 weeks until biological control is achieved – this mite survives on pollen, and in warm (50° - 105°F) humid (40% - 80% RH) conditions (@ $50 / 1,000 predotry mites)
If > 2 aphids, apply JMS Stylet Oil or insecticidal soap (M-Pede) to infested leaves at dusk to minimize phytotoxicity leaves
(do not apply above 90°F)
Spider Mites
Releasing Predatory MitesSources: Arbico Organics, Biobest, Garden Warriors, Koppert, Rincon-Vitova
Aphids on Blackberry
Monitor: from July to October for aphids, caste skins, parasitized aphids and ants tending aphids on terminals
If ants tending aphids, no biological control possible by releasing predatory beetles. May need to use ant bait first to rid plants of aphid tending ants.
Aphid Reduction on Blackberry• Monitored: 9, 11 and 18 June, collected 10
leaves of Prime-Ark 45 in each of six plots and counted aphids
• Treatment: 9 June, applied JMS Stylet Oil with air blast sprayer after collecting leaf samples
• Released: 11 June, spotted lady beetle larvae (C. maculate) (1,090) and adults (538)
• Result: 22 June, found 1 spotted lady beetle adult and nearly “0” aphids
• Treatment: Spraying JMS Stylet Oil and releasing lady beetles reduced aphid numbers from > 10 to near “0”
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
6/9 6/10 6/11 6/12 6/13 6/14 6/15 6/16 6/17 6/18
Aphids on Blackberry Leaves in Short High Tunnel (2014)
HT 1 HT2 HT 3 HT 4 HT 5 HT 6N
o. a
ph
ids
/ le
af
Aphid Management
Rednecked Cane Borer
• Biology: larva girdles primocanecausing a gall, overwinter in canes, emerge in May and lay eggs on primocanes
• Damage: gall predisposes cane for winter injury reducing yield
• Monitor: weekly in May, walk rows looking for adults on primocanes or check green
funnel traps
Rednecked Cane Borer
0
5
10
15
20
25
No
. RN
CB
ad
ult
s /
gre
en
fu
nn
el t
rap
Rednecked Cane Borer (2014)
Avg. A. ruficollis (Clarksville)
Avg. A. ruficollis (Springdale)
Avg. A. ruficollis (Tontitown)
Treatment:
If < 5% galled canes, remove and destroy galled fruiting canes by bud break
If > 5% galled and adults present, apply weekly dusk sprays of JMS Stylet Oil
Oil is phytotoxic if applied when > 90°F
Insecticide Efficacy Against RNCB
Identify Spotted Wing Drosophila
SWD
Vinegar fly
SWD breathing threads (spiracles)
Active
Ingredient Trade name
IRAC
#
Blueberry Caneberry StrawberryProbable
EfficacyPHI (days) PHI (days) PHI (days)
Carbaryl Sevin 80S 1A 7 7 7 Fair/Good
Methomyl Lannate LV 1A 3 Not labeled Not labeled Excellent
Phosmet Imidan 1B 3 Not labeled Not labeled Excellent
Malathion Malathion 1B 1 1 3Excellent/
Good
Bifenthrin Brigade 3 1 3 0 Excellent
Esfenvalerate Asana 3 14 7 Not labeled Excellent
Fenpropathrin Danitol 3 3 3 2 Excellent
Zeta-
cypermethrin
Mustang
Max3 1 1 Not labeled Excellent
Pyrethrin Pyganic* 3 0 0 0 Fair
Spinetoram Delegate 5 3 1 Not labeled Excellent
Spinetoram Radiant 5 Not labeled Not labeled 1 Excellent
Spinosad Entrust* 5 3 1 1 Excellent
Pick fruit daily, refrigerate instantly (kills eggs in 2 to 3 days)
Do you have SWD-infested berries? Check 30 harvested berries for eggs/larvae with 20X hand lens or
soak fruit 30 minutes in 1 qt water + either ¼ cup salt or ¾ cup sugar and
check for floating larvae.
• Check traps weekly for flies: 4 traps in edge of planting at height of ripening fruit. Move traps to next block of ripening fruit.
• Trap - 1 qt transparent cup with 20 holes (3/16” diameter) around cup middle. Add red and black 1” strips of tape.
• Add one of 2 recommended lures to trap.1. Yeast bait = 32 oz water + 2 tbsp yeast + 4
tbsp sugar; let it ferment 1 day, then add 4 fl oz to trap OR
2. SWD dual lure - wire lures to the lid inside the trap. Replace lures every 4 wks ($4.50 each; Great Lakes IPM; 1-800-235-0285).
• Trap fly drowning solution and lure -weekly add ¾ cup apple cider vinegar to trap – only for use with dual lures.
• Weekly, discard yeast bait or vinegar in trash.
For SWD fly confirmation, mail vial of flies to:Ms. Barbara LewisAGRI 319, Department of Entomology University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701
If SWD flies are in trap and fruit is ripening, spray weekly, but reapply after rain. Use insecticides with different IRAC # to delay SWD resistance.
3/16” holes
2 lures
Yeast bait or vinegar drowning solution w/dual lures
SWD Equipment & Trap Placement
SWD
Vinegar fly
SWD lay eggs mostly in ripe blackberry fruit
• Ripe blackberries > 11 °Brix = 100% infested
• Ripening blackberries = 9.4 °Brix = < 13% infested
• Unripe to green blackberries = < 7 °Brix = 0% infested
Springdale, AR 2014 ripe ripening unripe
12-Jul 100
14-Jul 100 13.3 0
21-Jul 80 6.7 0
28-Jul 50
4-Aug 93
11-Aug 95
% SWD infested wild blackberry
Management of SWD in 2015
1. Thin or open up canopy to improve spray coverage2. Monitor traps weekly for SWD flies starting 3 wks before ripening3. Spray if SWD found and fruit are ripening, apply recommended
insecticide every 5 to 7 days (re-apply after 1” rain) and rotate mode of action to delay resistance development in SWD
4. Evaluate spray effectiveness = look for SWD eggs/larvae in fruit 5. Exclude SWD using screen or row cover (mesh = 1 mm holes)6. Pick daily and refrigerate immediately to keep cold until
processed or eaten (2-3 days at 34⁰F kills SWD eggs)7. Sanitation: pick leftover or damaged fruit and solarize in black
bags to reduce SWD food source8. Stay informed – visit SWD web sites and attend grower meetings
Please: Fill Out 2014 SWD Impact Survey
• Participation in the survey is voluntary (conducted until early-March)
• The purpose of this survey is to collect information measuring the impact of SWD on agricultural production.
• The responses will be used to prioritize research, extension, and education activities for SWD.
• Survey data summarized by state, crop, farm size, or farm type
• Results available in mid-March 2015 at: swd.ces.ncsu.edu
• Ask questions about this survey by contacting Dr. Hannah Burrack([email protected] or 919.513.4344)
Survey also online at: http://swd.ces.ncsu.edu/2014/12/measuring-the-impacts-of-spotted-wing-drosophila-in-2014-your-help-needed/
Can screens exclude and reduce blueberry / bramble fruit infestation
by SWD?
Proteknet 80g exclusion netting and entry door into blueberries exclude SWD, birds, mammals
and prevent hail damage
Dale Ila M. Riggs, The Berry Patch of Stone Wall Hill Farm, LLC in Stephentown, NY
New Liskeard, Ontario blueberries
Blueberries had much less SWD emerge from fruit in planting covered with screen (80g = ) than uncovered planting (Control = )
Dale Ila M. Riggs, The Berry Patch
Screened Sides of High Tunnel
Recommend ProtekNetscreen mesh 80 g/m2 (80% porosity) for better air flow than 25 g/m2 screen (62%
porosity) (25 g screen makes tunnel too hot –
needs venting)
Spotted wing drosophila trap
SWD Sprays to Field Brambles• 7/15 Entrust WP (0.3 g/gal) raspberries
• 7/23 Pyganic EC 1.4 (1 oz/gal) raspberries
• 7/31 Entrust raspberries
• 8/6 Pyganic blackberries and raspberries
• 8/13 Entrust blackberries and raspberries
• 8/20 Pyganic blackberries and raspberries
• 8/26 Entrust blackberries and raspberries
• 9/4 Pyganic blackberries and raspberries
• 9/9 Entrust blackberries and raspberries
• 9/18 Pyganic blackberries and raspberries
• 9/24 Entrust blackberries and raspberries
• 10/4 Pyganic blackberries and raspberries
Screened (25g) high tunnel = 18 SWD flies, 0% infested blackberries Outside = 924 SWD flies, > 60% infested blackberries
(Early-July to late-August in Fayetteville, AR 2014)
% infested fruit outside (0% in screened tunnel)0 83 100 100 60 7 30
Watch for Broad Mite on Blackberry
• September 2007, 1st found small, cupped leaves on terminals of primocane-fruiting APF-46 blackberry
• 2013-14, broad mites reduced terminal leaf size and caused leaf cupping in 3 fields in Arkansas (June to November) – not sure what OMRI products are effective
U of MN
2015, we will be testing miticides
0.1 mm long(See w/ 20X lens)
(Photo: BARC-USDA)
Watch for Broad Mite Symptoms on Blackberry
July - Symptoms
HealthyUpward cupping
Downward cupping
October - Symptoms
Healthy
Damaged Healthy
Summary• Correctly identify pests
• Monitor for pests by eye or 16X hand lens
–If foliar damage by cutworms, apply Bt spray
–If < 2 aphids or 2 mites / leaflet, release predators
–If > 2 aphids or 2 mites / leaflet apply JMS Stylet Oil by air blast
–Rednecked cane borer monitored by green funnel trap and controlled with weeklky JMS Stylet Oil sprays
–Exclude spotted wing drosophila eggs (SWD) with screen
• Pick ripe berries daily and immediately refrigerate to kill SWD eggs; exclude SWD flies with screen; rotate sprays of Entrust / Pyganic
• You may have broad mites = small cupped leaves on blackberries
Acknowledgements
Funding:
• USDA/SARE - Extending the market season with high tunnel technology for organic fruit production
• AR Ag. Dept. and Extension IPM-SCBGP: Spotted wing drosophila
Acknowledgements
Cooperators:
Co-PIs: Elena Garcia, Curt Rom, John Clark
Barbara Lewis, Sam Kim, Clint Trammel, Jason McAfee, Luke Freeman, Heather Friedrich, Cynthia Stewart, Philip Stewart, and Kay Buck (UA Farm in Fayetteville)
Taunya Ernst and Jeff Ness (Fruit Station in Clarksville)
Clay Wingfield & Jessica Lefors (SWREC, Hempstead & Howard Co.)
14 AR County Extension agents
Berry growers
