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This presentation was given on October 10, 2013, in Hartselle, AL. Has some news slides about factors that influence insect pests in high tunnels and some slides on how to improve quality of organic produce with correct use of organic insecticides. Refer to the other long version of the high tunnel IPM presentation I have for details about the three-tiered IPM recommendations for Alabama producers.
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Integrated Pest Management inHigh Tunnel Crops
Dr. Ayanava Majumdar (Dr. A)Ext. Entomologist &
State SARE CoordinatorAuburn, AL 36849
Tel: (251) [email protected]
HT Training Workshops, AL, 2013
• Small size• Small food requirement• Rapid and prolific reproduction
– Parthenogenesis• Grow by molting (control over
growth rate)• Life stages feed on different
substrate
Why are INSECTS so successful?
Why are INSECTS so successful?
High Tunnel Environment• Season extension = Early onset of insects!!• It gets hot & humid (PASSIVE VENTILATION)• Heat shortens insect lifecycles. • It is very dry on leaf surface (NO RAINFALL)• High planting density & diversity (HOST PLANTS)
High Tunnel Basics
• Bottom line 1: Prevention is better than cure!• Bottom line 2: Manage insects when they are
small/low numbers!• Bottom line 3: ANY INTERVENTION IN INSECT
ACTIVITY IS BETTER THAN DOING NOTHING!!
What is it?
Greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (flatenned wings)
• First reported from USA in 1870• Adults are 1.5 mm long, covered
with white waxy material• Piercing and sucking mouthparts• Eggs laid on plants• Crawlers or nymphs feed on one
location• 30 days for one generation• Higher temps may inhibit the
whiteflies• Biological control: Encarsia formosa
Silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (tented wings)
What is it?Potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae
Monitoring/scouting techniques:Sample ten plants in several locationsYellow sticky traps at edge of fieldLike cool, dry weatherWatch for ants and lady beetlesET = 50% leaves with aphids
Host range: 40 host plants
What is it?Onion thrips, Thrips tabaci
Tobacco thrips, Frankliniella fusca
Monitoring/scouting techniques:Use sticky cards (yellow, blue)Bag and shake techniqueNo action thresholdUse resistant varieties (BHN 444, 589, 640, Bella Rosa)
Tomato spotted wilt destroys plantsHost plants: tomato, peanuts, cotton, beans
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Monitor level of defoliation
Sample small plants with sweep net during morning hours
Observe activity of parasitoids, predators (sweep net)
ET = 5-10% defoliation early season, 25-30% defoliation mid-season
Flea beetles (many species)
Host plants: potato, tomato, peppers, broccoli, cabbage, okra, etc.
Spider mites
• Major pest of open field & high tunnel crops• Extensive webbing on leaves/stems• Rapid buildup in hot dry weather• Difficult to control with approved pesticides
Identification & ScoutingTwospotted spider mite (TSM):• Carry a 10X hand lens• Females are larger than males• Oval adults, eggs glued to webbing• Underside of leaves & leaf tips• Wide host range Twospotted spider mite
Tetranychus urticaeTomato russet mite (TRM):• Smaller than TSM• Carry a 14X hand lens• Adults are elongate• Infestation starts from lower leaves• Leave edges, stems, fruits (small)• Solanaceous host plants
Tomato russet miteAcilops lycopersici
Crop damage
TRM:– Greasy bronzing
(russet color)– Sudden dry out
(lower leaves)
TSM:– Leaf drying– Extensive webbing– Slight bronzing
• Polyphagous insect (tomato, pepper, cotton, soybean, alfalfa)
• Have many wild hosts – lambsquarter & pigweed
• Creamish or light-green caterpillar, 4 pairs of prolegs
• Black spot on thorax just above the leg
• Early instars feed voraciously
• Moths are attracted to weak plants
What is it?
Damage to pepper plant
Beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua
Starting Point for IPM…• Emphasis on Pest Detection & Correct Identification:
– INSECT PHEROMONE TRAPS for improved scouting– Trap Catch = Pest Density X Pest Activity (Taylor, 1963)– Insect Monitoring Project in Alabama, 2009-2010
Corn rootworm trapSticky wing trap
Stink bug trap
What is it?Monitoring/scouting techniques:
Use a sweep net
Use pheromone trap (expensive? cumbersome?)
Intensify scouting at fruit setting
ET = 0.25 bugs per 10 plants (green fruit stage)
Southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula
Brown stink bug, Euschistus servus Lygus bug, Lygus
lineolarisStink bug feeding injury
Host: >52 plants
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Tactics
What is IPM?• “Integrated pest management (IPM) is a threshold based decision management system which leads to judicious use of multiple pest control tactics.”
• IPM is currently insecticide-intensive…
• Major losses occur due to:
• Lack of early detection of insects
• Insecticide resistance by misuse
• Loss of natural control with insecticides
USDA National Organic Program Standards (applicable in gardening situation also!)
• Level 1: Systems-based practices (variety selection,
sanitation, crop rotation, weed control, trap crops*)
• Level 2: Mechanical and physical practices (barriers,
lures/traps, repellents, hand-picking, net house*)
• Level 3: Biorational & other material (OMRI
approved insecticides)
*Discussed later in this presentation
Trap Crop Applications
Sorghum trap crop on two sides of a high tunnel can act as barrier to pest migration.
Sorghum & sunflower trap crops ahead of a high tunnel.
Trap crop study for leaffooted bugs(Clanton, AL, 2012)
Obs. 1 Obs. 2 Obs. 3 Obs. 4 Obs. 5 Obs. 6 Obs. 70 0 0 0 0 00
18
42
1
4
19
11
20 0 00
22
0
3
DKB5400 (sorghum trap crop)NK300 (sorghum trap crop)Sunflower (trap crop)Tomato (main crop)
Insecticide treatment and/or manual removal in organic situation
(21 July) (4 Aug.) (5 Sep.)
Numbers indicate leaffooted bugs (LFBs) on 20 heads of trap crops and 20 tomato plants for comparison purposes. Trap crops planted on May 16. Main crop planted on June 1. Trap crop treated with Mustang Max (zeta-cyper. @ 4 oz/A) on Sept. 5, 2012. Result = 78% LFB control in 5DAT. Tomato main crop is attacked by LFBs after the trap crop is ineffective (in October).
(13 Aug.) (7 Sep.) (20 Sep.) (4 Oct.)
Manual removal in organic situation
Damage
Both adults and larvae feed on foliage by first making small holes; later serious defoliation
Defoliation of larvae on turnip Mass attack of adults on napa cabbage
Main cropTrap crop
Turnip
Napa cabbage
Field Trials-Managing YMLB with Trap cropSpring 2011
35 ft
Fabric mesh 30-50 as insect barrierMesh size depends on target insect & cost
Location: Baldwin County, AL Dimensions: 150 ft X 48 ft X 17 ftEntrance: Double door
First Net House in Alabama (2010)
Insect Netting Applications
Insect netting on the sides and front (improved air flow)
Use insect netting over the entire high tunnel frame
Nat
ura
l En
emie
s
25
Predators: – Ladybugs, Spiders
• General feeders• Eat several prey• Larger and stronger than the prey
Parasitoids (=parasites): – Wasps, Flies
• Specialist feeders• Kill only one host (pest)• Smaller than the host
Pathogens: – Bacteria, Fungus & Viruses
• Micro-organisms that cause diseases in insects
Who kills Pests?
http://www.harvesttotable.com/2012/06/parasitic-wasps-beneficial-insects/
extension.entm.purdue.edu
Flicker.com
Insecticide Mode of Action (MoA)Physical dessicant – kaolin clay, ash
Contact action – vegetable oils, horticultural oils, neem, pyrethrin, insecticidal soap, spinosyn, Beauveria, Metarhizium
Stomach action – Bt (Dipel)
Volatile action – Garlic Barrier, Cinnamite
Fruit quality with Xentari (Bt aizawai)(Cullman, 2012)
Untreated crop with 90% caterpillar damage &
irregular fruit size
Xentari foliar treatment with <20% caterpillar damage &
uniform fruit size
Fruit quality with Pyganic (pyrethrum)(Cullman, 2012)
Untreated check Pyganic foliar
90% fruit damage
30% fruit damage
Fruit quality with Xentari (Bta) + Pyganic(Late season treatment, Cullman, 2012)
Check plots Xentari + Pyganic foliar
High Tunnel Pest Management Tips• Practice sanitation and strict weed control• Regular irrigation, reduce stress• Scout weekly to find insect hot spots, then treat.• Choices: Conventional (drip) or Organic (foliar)• Organic approved i-cides:
– Bt products (Xentari®, Thuricide®)
– Spinosad (Entrust®, Monterey Spinosad®)
– Pyrethrin (Pyganic®, Natural Pyrethrin®)
– Neem with azadirachtin (Molt-X®, Neemix®)
– New products: Azera
• Use insecticidal oils carefully (do not use >85F)• Use a good quality backpack sprayer.
High Tunnel Pest Management Tips• Use biological control when possible.• Use biological control and organic insecticides at
the first detection, continue for 2-3 weeks.• Reduce insecticide use when using nonselective
insecticides.• Treat the bottom on leaves and soil below the
plants.• Mix fresh spray solution and calibrate sprayer.
Change nozzles when needed.
EXTENSION RESOURCES
Know the IPM Campaign!
Campaign items: Display magnets, bookmarks (4 designs), IPM exhibitions
Alabama SARE Website
Join Vegetable IPM on Facebook!
Advantages: Live updates, interact with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
Join Commercial Horticulture on Facebook!
Advantages: Live updates, interact with researchers, videos and photos, IPM contest
The IPM Communicator(A FREE electronic newsletter)
To signup: Email [email protected] sign up today on the sheet provided!
Acknowledgements
Chris Becker, REA
Willie Datcher, REA
FUNDING SOURCES: USDA Organic Agriculture Program, SARE initiative, Specialty Crops Grant, Wallace Center
