NEW QUANTUM THEORY

BY

NARENDRA S. AGARWAL

THE ONLY THEORY TO EXPLAIN

FIRST TIME IN THE WORLD:

1) WAVE PARTICLE DUALITY

2) HOW ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES IN 3-

DIMENSIONS ARE FORMED BY A PHOTON

3) WHAT MAKES PHOTONS TO DISPLAY

INTERFERENCE & DIFFRACTION

4) MYSTERY BEHIND REFRACTION

QUANTUM THEORY

Quantum Theory was developed about 100 years ago by thecollaborative efforts of most brilliant physicists. Max Planc isknown as the originator of the Quantum Theory. Thissuperseded Particle Theory as well as Wave Theory of light.

Einstein in 1905 explained that “The energy of light is notuniformly distributed in space but is in the form of localisedquanta at different points in space”.

Wave–particle duality postulates that all the particles of EMRadiations exhibit both the properties of wave as well asparticle. A central concept of quantum theory, this dualityaddresses the inability of classical concepts like "particle" and"wave" to fully describe the behaviour of quantum-scaleobjects.

Einstein, who, in his search for a Unified Field

Theory, did not accept wave-particle duality: This

double nature of radiation (and of material

corpuscles) is a major property of reality, which has

been interpreted in quantum mechanics in an

ingenious and amazingly successful fashion.

This interpretation, which is looked upon

essentially as final by almost all contemporary

physicists appears to me as only a temporary way

out.

HOW NEW QUANTAM

THEORY IS DEVELOPED

A. It is inspired from Einstein that Wave Particle Duality is

only a temporary solution and the nature of atoms and the

solar system

B. Every atom has a nucleus. The nucleus of an atom has

>99.9% mass of atom confined in less than 10-10 volume of

the atom.

C. In our Solar System, the Sun has approx. 99.86% mass of

the whole solar system occupying less than 10-10 volume of

the Solar System.

NEW QUANTUM THEORY

New Quantum Theory states that:

1) A photon has a nucleus.

2) Nearly all the mass of photon is concentrated in the nucleus eventhough it is negligibly less in comparison to electron. Generallyphoton is considered mass less since its mass is extremely small.

3) The charge of photon is located in the nucleus.

4) Nucleus is not in the centre but located eccentrically in the photon.

5) Photon is always spinning.

6) Photon always travel in the path of sinusoidal wave due to itseccentric nucleus and spin.

7) Spinning speed is proportional to the frequency & energy of photon isinversely proportional to the wavelength.

8) The theory is also applicable to electrons and all other particlesexhibiting wave particle duality whether nano, micro or macro level.

PHOTON

One photon is shown as big yellow circle in the diagram.

The red small circle within the photon is its nucleus of

mass and charge.

In this diagram of photon, it is shown to rotate clockwise.

SUMMARY OF NEW

QUANTUM THEORY

EM Radiations are particles of spinning photons havingeccentric nucleus of mass and charge.

Photons have both linear momentum as well as angularmomentum due to spinning mass of its nucleus locatedaway from its centre.

The direction of angular momentum due to its spinningmass changes continuously with the rotation/spin of photon.

This angular momentum with continuously changingdirection forms a sinusoidal path of photon.

EM Radiations exhibit all the phenomena of particle natureas well as wave nature since EM Radiations are theparticles only and can move in the path of a sinusoidalwave displaying wave nature.

EM Radiations being particles do not require any medium to

travel unlike other waves requiring a medium to travel.

The frequency of EM Radiations is directly proportional to the

spinning speed of photons.

The energy of EM Radiations depends on spinning speed. With

increase in spinning speed the angular momentum increases

resulting in increasing the energy of the photons of EM Radiations.

Photons generate 2-D sinusoidal electric field wave and 3-D

sinusoidal magnetic field wave perpendicular to each other and

also to the direction of the travel of the EM Radiations. The

directions of electrical field as well as magnetic field reverse after

every half revolution of the photon or travel by half wavelength.

MASS OF PHOTON

There is gross ambiguity about the mass of photon and

generally it is accepted that photon has no mass.

There are several research papers on mass of photon.

Particle Data Group has several good references for mass of

photon.

Assuming mass of photon as 6 x 10-17 eV indicated by

Ryutov the mass of photon can be calculated as under:

E = 6 x 10-17 eV

m = E/c2

= 1.069597 x 10-52 kg

The mass of a photon is of the order of 10-50 kg.

CHARGE OF PHOTON

A photon has to have electric charge. Without charge it can

never generate Electromagnetic field or Electromagnetic

wave on its own.

According to the 2012 Particle Data Group (PDG) 7, the

best limit on the charge of a photon has been obtained by

looking for Aharonov-Bohm phase differences from

extragalactic radiation. The non-observation of such phase

differences has placed an upper bound on the photon charge

at the level of 10−32e.

HOW A PHOTON PARTICLE MOVES

IN THE PATH OF SINUSOIDAL WAVE

If a photon (or any particle) has uniformly distributed mass or masslocated in the centre, it cannot form a wave even though it isspinning and travelling in a direction. It will travel in straight linewith no Wave Particle Duality.

But if the mass is located eccentrically (not in centre), photondevelops angular momentum originating from the eccentricallylocated nucleus of mass. This is in addition to the linear momentumof the photon.

This angular momentum due to eccentric nucleus of photon isresponsible for the up & down movements to form a sinusoidal wavewhile the photon moves in one direction.

ANGULAR MOMENTUM

Position ‘A’ shows the location of nucleus at the start of

sinusoidal wave from origin and the photon is moving

upwards. Subsequent positions from ‘B’ to ‘H’ are after the

spin/rotation of photon by 450 each. The direction of angular

momentum is shown by arrow in different positions. Direction

of linear momentum is always in the direction of travel the X -

direction.

HOW A PHOTON FORMS A

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

As the photon spins, the eccentrically located nucleus also

rotates and makes one full circle around the centre of the

photon along with the completion of one revolution of photon.

During the first 900 spin of photon or formation of 1st quarter of

sinusoidal wave, the photon moves up in plus (+) Z - direction

from position ‘A’ (the starting point) to the position ‘C’with its

travel in X – direction. The charge in the nucleus of the photon

moves from position ‘1’ to position ‘2’ in the path of sinusoidal

wave. This movement of charge in the nucleus generates

electric field wave along its sinusoidal path.

During the spin of photon from 00 to 900 in the 1st quarter travel

of photon from position ‘A’ to position ‘C’, the nucleus at position

‘1’ moves to nucleus at position ‘2’ in sinusoidal wave path

generating electric field wave. The charge in the nucleus moves

additional distance ‘r’ in forward X – direction with respect to the

centre of the photon.

This forward movement of charge in the nucleus with respect to

the centre of photon generates magnetic field wave along with the

1st quarter of sinusoidal wave path of nucleus above the datum X

– axis from nucleus at position ‘1’ to nucleus at position ‘2’ in

minus (–) Y- direction.

This is according to Faraday’s rules.

The electric field generated keeps on reversing in plus (+) and

minus (-) Z – direction along with the movement of the nucleus

of photon. The electric field generated is in 2 – Dimensions only

in X – Z plane.

The magnetic field generated is always perpendicular to the X

– Z plane and generated along with sinusoidal wave path of

electric charge. The magnetic field wave is in all 3 –

Dimensions.

The direction of the magnetic field generated keeps on

reversing in minus (-) and plus (+) Y - direction due to the

forward and reverse movement of the charge in the nucleus of

the photon with respect to the centre of photon.

INTERFERENCE

The photon particles of EM Radiations display interference like awave only due to the presence of eccentric nucleus of mass.

If there is no eccentric mass in the photons, dual behaviour ofParticle as well as Wave is just not possible.

When two spinning photons coincide at the crest positions of the EMRadiations, the angular momentums of both the photons are in samedirection therefore the resultant is constructive and ultimate crestheight is doubled.

Similarly when two spinning photons coincide at the trough positionsof the EM Radiation the trough depth is doubled.

CONSTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

DESTRUCTIVE INTERFERENCE

DIFFRACTION: MICRO VIEW

DIFFRACTION: MACRO VIEW

REFERENCES

1) N. S. Agarwal (2012). “New Quantum Theory”

Indian Journal of Science and Technology Vol 5

Issue11: 3612 – 3617. ISSN:0974-6846.

2) ISBN: 978-3-659-34139-7 “New Quantum Theory”

by Narendra Agarwal published by Lambert Academic

Publishing, Germany.

3) ISBN: 978-3-659-38556-8 “Mystery of Wave Particle

Duality” by Narendra Agarwal published by Lambert

Academic Publishing, Germany.