MOUNTAINS

HIGHEST AND LOWEST PEAKS

• Highest Peak in the world - The Everest (8850 meters)

• Lowest Peak in the world - Mount Wycheproof (43 meters)

MOUNTAINS• Mountains are a type of landform,

characterized by high elevation• They are much higher, taller and steeper than

hills and other landforms.• Varying climatic conditions can be observed on

the mountains due to their elevations or height.

• There is less oxygen and less protection from the sun’s rays on top.

Rank Mountain Range Country Feet1. Everest Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 29,035

2. K2 (Mount Godwin Austen)

Karakoram Pakistan/China

28,250

3. Kangchenjunga Himalayas India/Nepal 28,169

4. Lhotse Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 27,940

5. Makalu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 27,766

6. Cho Oyu Himalayas Nepal/Tibet 26,906

7. Dhaulagiri Himalayas Nepal 26,795

8. Manaslu Himalayas Nepal 26,781

9. Nanga Parbat Himalayas Pakistan 26,660

10. Annapurna Himalayas Nepal 26,545

HOW ARE MOUNTAINS FORMED?• When tectonic plates collide, land features

that start as folds and faults can eventually become large mountain ranges.

• Mountains exist because tectonic plates are continually moving around and colliding with one another.

Types of Mountains

There are 5 different types of Mountain formations.

Fold Mountains

Fault-block Mountains

Dome Mountains Volcanic

Mountains

Plateau Mountains

TYPES OF MOUNTAINS

• Mountains are classified based on how they formed.

• There are five types:• Volcanic• Folded• Fault-block• Dome• Erosional

Appalachian Mountains in the U.S.

VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS

HOW IS A VOLCANO FORMEDVolcanoes are formed when magma from within the Earth's upper mantle works its way to the surface. At the surface, it erupts to form lava flows and ash deposits. Over time as the volcano continues to erupt, it will get bigger and bigger.

The melted rock that spills out of the crater on the top of the volcano is called lava. The lava destroys everything in its path because it is very, very hot!

A volcano erupts when magma and gases find a way to escape, so they burst to the surface through a vent. An eruption can be quite gentle or very violent.

Why does a volcano erupt?

• How many? 1511 volcanoes in last 10,000 years

• The biggest? > 80,000 km3, Mauna Loa (Hawaii)

• The highest? 6,887 m, Ojos del Salado (Chile)

• The biggest eruption? 2,500 km3, Yellowstone, 2.2 Ma (USA)

• First volcanologist? 79 AD - Pliny the Younger

• Total deaths? 238,000 (1600-1982)

Volcano facts

VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS• Formed from lava or debris, such as ash

or rocks, thrown out of a volcano.• They are built up from eruptions that

occur over thousands or even millions of years.

• Mount Fuji in Japan is a volcanic mountain.

FOLD MOUNTAINS

FOLDED MOUNTAINS• Most common type of mountains• They are formed due to collision of two plates,

pushing against each other. Pushing against each other causes intense pressure causing folding of the earth’s crust

• Anticline – the fold that descends on both sides• Syncline – the fold that ascends from a common low

point (on both sides)

FOLDED MOUNTAINS• The highest mountain ranges in the world are made

up of folded mountains.• Example: Himalayas in Asia

FAULT-BLOCK MOUNTAINS

BLOCK MOUNTAINS• Formed when tension causes large blocks of the

Earth’s crust to drop down relative to other blocks.• Mountains that have sharp, jagged peaks.• Example: Sierra Nevada Mountains in California

BLOCK MOUNTAINS• They are formed when blocks of rock

materials slide a fault’s in the earth’s crust.

TWO TYPES OF BLOCK MOUNTAINS

•Lifted mountain – has two steeps

•Tilted mountain – has one steep side and a gentle sloping side

BLOCK MOUNTAINSThe Grand Tetons in Wyoming & the Sierra Nevada in California are fault-block mountains.

DOME MOUNTAINS

DOME MOUNTAINS• These mountains are built from hot magma

that rises from and uplifts the overlaying sedimentary layer of the earth’s crust.

• Magma actually erupted in the process but cools down and hardens, hence forms the core of the mountain.

• It is called dome because of looking like the top half of a sphere

DOME MOUNTAINS• Navajo Mountains in Utah and Adirondack

Mountain in New York are examples of Dome Mountains.

EROSIONAL/PLATEAU MOUNTAINS

EROSIONAL/PLATEAU MOUNTAINS

• Plateau mountains are not formed by internal activity, Instead, these mountains are formed by erosion. Plateaus are large flat areas that have been pushed above see level by forces within the Earth, or have been formed by layers of lava.

• Pike’s Peak is a large mass of granite that has resisted erosion many years. It is all that is left of the mountain.

EROSIONAL/PLATEAU MOUNTAINS

FACTS ON OUR MIGHTY MOUNTAINS

Mountains are a common sight on this planet.They make up one-fifth of the world's landscapeMountains are an important source of water, energy and biological diversity. About 80 percent of our planet's fresh water originates in the mountains.The wild vegetation are surrounding the mountains The beautiful and rich greenery of the mountains, and the rare medicinal plants of the mountains are endangered.

Mountains are rich in mineralsMountains are impressionable

to rough weather and accelerated soil erosion

Mountains are blessed with rare and valuable metals

The precious stones of mountains find their application in modern living.

The thick forests of the mountain ecosystem

bring rainfall This prevents increase in temperature

Mountains are impressionableto rough weather and accelerated soil

erosion

Mountains in daily life

DASHRATH MANJHI

THE MAN WHO BROKE A MOUNTAIN

• Gehlour Ganj Mountain – • A 300-foot tall mountain loomed between them and

all the basic facilities that they had always longed for. “That mountain had shattered so many pots and claimed so many lives. I could not bear that it had hurt my wife. If it took all my life now, I would carve us a road through the mountain.”

HIS REASON TO BRAKE THE MOUNTAIN

• Phaguni his wife fell ill. The doctor was in Wazirganj, which stood just on the other side of the mountain, but the road leading to it was 75 kilometers long. Unable to make the journey, she passed away. Her death not only enraged him more, it spurred him on. It was not an easy task. He would often get hurt by the rocks falling from the unyielding mountain. He would rest and then start again. At times, he helped people carry their things over the mountain for a small fee, money to feed his children. After 10 years, as Manjhi chipped away, people saw a cleft in the mountain and some came to help. The government rewarded his efforts with a plot of land; Manjhi promptly donated the land back for a hospital. They also nominated him for the ‘Padma Shree’, but the forest ministry officials fought the nomination, calling his work illegal. “I do not care for these awards, this fame, the money,” he said. “All I want is a road, a school, and a hospital for our people. They toil so hard. It will help their women and children.”

MANJHI – THE MOUNTAIN MAN

• Manjhi - The Mountain Man is a 2015 Indian biographical film, based on the life of Dashrath Manjhi. Manjhi, widely known as the "Mountain Man", was a poor labourer in Gehlaur village, near Gaya in Bihar, India, who carved a path 9.1 metres (30 ft) wide and 110 metres (360 ft) long through a hill 7.6 metres (25 ft) using only a hammer and chisel. The film is directed by Ketan Mehta, jointly produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and NFDC India.Upon release the film received positive critical acclaim.

• Nawazuddin Siddiqui enacted the role of Dashrath Manjhi, while Radhika Apte played Manjhi's wife. The film was released worldwide on 21 August 2015. Prior to its release preview copy of movie leaked on web on 10 August 2015. The Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) cyber police station had registered a case against a few unknown persons for leaking the movie. The Bihar State Government declared the film tax-free on 30 July 2015.