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How to get
published?
Presented by Geneviève Musasa
Customer Consultant Africa
December 2016
Who is Elsevier?
2
Our mission:
To lead the way in advancing science, technology and health
Louis Pasteur
(Chemistry)
Alexander Fleming
(Medicine)
Albert Einstein (Physics)
Craig C Mello
(Medicine)
John C. Mather
(Physics)
Francoise Barre-Sinoussi
(Medicine)
Shinya Yamanaka (Medicine)
Marie Curie (Physics,
Chemistry)
Some of the Nobel Prize winners published with Elsevier:
3
Since the year 2000, 154 of the
155 Nobel laureates in science
and economics have published
in Elsevier journals. That’s
more than 99%
TRADITION | EXCELLENCE
437 Years | 137 Years
We commemorate the founding
of the House of Elzevier in
1580 and celebrate the
establishment of the Elsevier
company in 1880.
YEARS OF PUBLISHING
Elsevier is
a global
information
analytics
company,
specializing in
science and
health
4
Elsevier was founded in 1880 as a small Dutch publishing house devoted to classical
scholarship. The House of Elsevier has been known as a "Publisher" for centuries that
dates back 400 years.
Today, Elsevier is a global information analytics company, specializing in science
and health. Elsevier helps institutions and professionals progress science, advance
healthcare and improve performance for the benefit of humanity.
Elsevier enhances the performance of science, health, and technology professionals,
empowering them to make better decisions, deliver better care, and sometimes make
groundbreaking discoveries that advance the boundaries of knowledge and human
progress.
Elsevier provides workflow solutions and digital tools in the areas of strategic
research management, R&D performance, clinical decision support and professional
education. Elsevier publishes over 2,500 digitized journals, including The Lancet and Cell,
more than 35,000 book titles, and many iconic reference works, including Gray’s Anatomy
Learn more about our mission: “Leading the way in advancing science, technology and health”
Who is ELSEVIER ?
Novel Solutions that will enhance research
Paperless Office
(Databases) Physical Library
Integration
(Workflow
Tools)
Content Technology
and Analytics
Improved Outcomes
5
This is Elsevier
Professionals in science, technology, engineering and health have more information at their
disposal today than any time in history; yet understanding, discovery and knowledge are often
beyond reach. At Elsevier, we create the tools that make sense of information, to help make
better decisions, deliver better healthcare, save lives and make breakthrough discoveries
that advance science and society.
That means sorting through the overflow of information and choices to reveal knowledge that
helps to make critical decisions. We do this by applying smart technology to complex
problems, drawing from our unique foundation of authoritative information and structured data.
We apply advanced technology and analytics to filter, extract and learn from vast data sets,
social networks and collaboration platforms. We provide insight into global research
productivity, helping researchers find funding and collaborate with colleagues. We provide
the right clinical answers to physicians and nurses, shorten the path to actionable data for R&D
professionals, and build adaptive learning technologies to help students learn more effectively.
Quite simply, Elsevier is Empowering Knowledge.
Source: Read “This is Elsevier” brochure on www.elsevier.com
Watch the video” This is Elsevier”
6
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7 |
KNOWLEDGE:
Facts, information, and skills acquired through experience
or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of
a subject
The sum of what is known
= comprehension, mastery, command,…
INFORMATION:
Facts provided or learned about something or someone
What is conveyed or represented by a particular
arrangement or sequence of things
= details, figures, statistics, data
https://en.oxforddictionaries.com
Elsevier is Empowering Knowledge
Information Elsevier research productivity tools Knowledge
This is Elsevier
Digital | Data | Trusted | Global | Change | Leader
8
This is Elsevier
Digital | Data | Trusted | Global | Change | Leader
9
| 10
publishingcampus.com
elsevier.com/authors
elsevier.com/reviewers
elsevier.com/editors
Get Published – top tips on writing, reviewing and grant writing etc.
Publishing Ethics brochure – top reasons to publish ethically
Get Noticed – new ways to promote your article and research
Understanding the Publishing Process with Elsevier – complete guide
Open access – definitions and options
Career Planning Guide – download in 12 languages
And much more!
| 11
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Visit our different information
pages specifically for authors,
reviewers, editors and
librarians:
• elsevier.com/authors
• elsevier.com/reviewers
• elsevier.com/editors
• elsevier.com/librarians
| 13
For more information, visit also:
https://www.elsevier.com/authors/journal-authors/submit-your-paper
Author Seminar: How to get published?
AGENDA
I. Introduction to scholarly
publishing
II. How to get published?
Practical Advices
III. Structuring your article
IV. The reviewing process
V. How not to Publish
VI. Get noticed
Let’s start off with a film…
http://youtu.be/75xKK2eGQNk
I. Introduction to scholarly
publishing
18
Registration The timestamp to officially note
who submitted scientific results
first
Certification Perform peer-review to ensure the
validity and integrity of
submissions
Dissemination Provide a medium for discoveries
and findings to be shared
Preservation Preserving the minutes and record
of science for posterity
Role of Scientific Publications
Publishers are investing in innovation and technology to fulfil these roles
Use Promoting and facilitating the
“Use” of scholarly information
| 19
Academic publishing The publishing cycle
Solicit &
manage
submissions
30-60%
rejected by
> 13,000
editors
Manage
Peer Review 557,000+
reviewers
Edit &
prepare
365,000 articles
accepted
Production 13 million
articles
available
Publish &
Disseminate
>700 million
downloads by
>11 million
researchers in
>120 countries!
| 20
Peer review consists of the evaluation of articles
by experts in the field
It was first used in 1665, by the Royal Society in
London
Peer review places the reviewer, with the author,
at the heart of scientific publishing
Reviewers make the editorial process work by
examining and commenting on manuscripts
Without peer review there is no control in scientific
communication
Reviewers are the backbone of the whole process
Academic publishing What is peer review?
| 21
Source: Ulrichsweb Global Serials Directory
Academic publishing Peer-reviewed journal growth 1990-2013
| 22
What is open access?
Gold Open Access Green Open Access
Access
Free public access to the final published
article
Access is immediate and permanent
Free public access to a version of your
article
Time delay may apply (embargo
period)
Fee Open access fee is paid by the author, or
on their behalf (for example by a funding
body)
No fee is payable by the author, as
costs are covered by library
subscriptions
Options Publish in an
open access
journal
Publish in a journal
that supports open
access (also known
as a hybrid journal)
Link to your article.
Selected journals feature open
archives
Self-archive a version of your article
Free and permanent access to scholarly research
combined with clear guidelines (user licenses) for users
to re-use the content.
For more Open Access information:
http://www.elsevier.com/about/open-access/open-access-options
II. How to get published?
Practical Advices
…your published papers, are a permanent record of your
research, are your passport to your community…
Always keep in mind that…
However, editors, reviewers, and the research community don’t consider these reasons when assessing your work.
Your personal reasons for publishing?
| 26
Planning your article Are you ready to publish?
Not ready Work has no scientific interest
Ready Work advances the field
You should consider publishing your
research if you have information that
advances the understanding in a
specific research field
| 27
Clear and useful message
A logical manner
Readers grasp the research
Planning Your Article What makes a strong manuscript?
Editors, reviewers and readers all want to receive
well presented manuscripts that fit within the aims
and scope of their journal.
| 28
Full articles
• Substantial, complete and comprehensive pieces of research Is my message sufficient for a full article?
Letters or short communications
• Quick and early communications Are my results so thrilling that they should be shown as soon as possible?
Review papers
• Summaries of recent developments on a specific top
• Often submitted by invitation
Planning your article Types of manuscripts
Your supervisor or colleagues are also good sources for
advice on manuscript types.
| 29
Citations per Article Type
Your paper is worthless if no one reads, uses, or cites it
A research study is meaningful only if...
It’s clearly described, so
Someone else can use it in his/her studies
It arouses other scientists’ interest, and
Allows others to reproduce the results
By submitting a manuscript you are basically trying to sell your work to your community
Practical Advice
• Evaluate your research area
Journals, authors, citations, publications per year (Scopus)
• Evaluate which journal is right for your article
CiteScore
Impact Factor
Alternative metrics (H-index, SNIP, SCImago)
Journal Analyzer (Scopus)
• Find out more about the journals
Who are the editors?
Guide for authors
• Getting your paper noticed
IF
| 32
Choosing the right journal: Elsevier® Journal Finder
Visit e.g. elsevier.com to find:
• Aims & Scope
• Accepted types of articles
• Readership
• Current hot topics
Ask for help from your supervisor or colleagues
DO NOT submit manuscripts to more than one journal at a time
Find the perfect journal for your article http://journalfinder.elsevier.com/
It helps you find journals that could be best suited for publishing your scientific article. Please also
consult the journal’s Aims and Scope for further guidance. Ultimately, the Editor will decide on how
well your article matches the journal.
| 33
Choosing the right journal: Elsevier® Journal Finder
| 34
Choosing the right journal Best practices
Aim to reach the intended audience for your work
Choose only one journal, as simultaneous submissions are prohibited
Supervisor and colleagues can provide good suggestions
Shortlist a handful of candidate journals, and investigate them:
• Aims
• Scope
• Accepted types of articles
• Readership
• Current hot topics
Articles in your reference list will usually lead you
directly to the right journals.
| 35
Preparing your manuscript
Read the Guide for Authors
Find it on the journal homepage of the publisher, e.g. Elsevier.com
Keep to the Guide for Authors in your manuscript
It will save your time
| 36 | 36
Practical Advices: Evaluate your subject
area with ScienceDirect
Evaluate your research area
Example with
ScienceDirect:
a multidisciplinary
database
with full-text
journal articles
and books
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What is ScienceDirect?
It is a full-text information solution offering scientific, technical
and medical (STM) journal articles and book chapters
It is Elsevier’s Peer-reviewed full-text content database
ScienceDirect delivers over 14 million publications from over 3,800
journals* and more than 35,000 books* from Elsevier, our imprints
and our society partners across 24 subject areas
It contains more than 1,800 journals partially in Open Access
and more than 590 journals fully in Open Acess
It contains Backfiles (digital archives) dating back to 1823*
* The content you can access to and its start date depends of the
agreement of your institution with Elsevier
|
Multidisciplinary database: ScienceDirect covers 24 major disciplines grouped in 4 main categories
General Tsinghua Science and Technology Progress in Natural Science: Materials International
Argicultural and Biological sciences Food Chemistry Food Control Food Policy Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment International Journal of Food Microbiology
Arts and Humanities Journal of Econometrics Political Geography Journal of Pragmatics Lingua Journal of Second Language Writing
Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Food Control Vaccine Infection, Genetics and Evolution Biomaterials European Journal of Cancer
Business, Management and Accounting International Journal of Production Economics Journal of Business Research Journal of Cleaner Production Tourism Management Journal of Financial Economics
Chemical Engineering Bioresource Technology Biomaterials Ceramics International Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry Desalination
Chemistry Food Chemistry Chemosphere Carbohydrate Polymers Journal of Chromatography A Analytica Chimica Acta
Computer Science Computers in Human Behavior Information and Management Expert Systems with Applications International Journal of Information Management Computers and Education
Decision Sciences International Journal of Production Economics European Journal of Operational Research Information and Management Omega Research Policy
Earth and Planetary Sciences Journal of African Earth Sciences Agricultural Water Management Marine Pollution Bulletin Precambrian Research Physics and Chemistry of the Earth
Economics, Econometrics and Finance World Development International Journal of Production Economics Journal of Banking and Finance Journal of Development of Economics Ecological Economics
Energy Energy Policy Journal of Cleaner Production Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Energy Economics Energy
Engineering International Journal of Production Economics Journal of Cleaner Production International Journal of Food Microbiology Safety Science Expert Systems with Applications
Environmental Science Energy Policy Global Environmental Change Journal of Cleaner Production Ecological Economics Science of the Total Environment
Immunology and Microbiology Vaccine Acta Tropica International Journal of Food Microbiology Trends in Parasitology Infection, Genetics and Evolution
I. Physical Sciences & Engineering
II. Life Sciences
III. Life Sciences
IV. Social Sciences & Humanities
|
Materials Science Biomaterials Ceramics International Carbohydrate Polymers Applied Surface Science Journal of Alloys and Compounds
Mathematics European Journal of Operational Research Journal of Econometrics Information Sciences Insurance: Mathematics and Economics Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control
Medicine Lancet International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics Health Policy Journal of Adolescent Health Alzheimer's and Dementia
Neuroscience Alzheimer's and Dementia Epilepsy and Behavior NeuroImage Psychiatry Research Schizophrenia Research
Nursing International Journal of Nursing Studies Nurse Education Today Journal of the American Dietetic Association Appetite Midwifery
Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics Journal of Ethnopharmacology Environmental Pollution Food and Chemical Toxicology Toxicology Letters Addictive Behaviors
Physics and Astronomy Materials Letters Materials Science and Engineering C Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical Materials Science & Engineering A: Structural Materials: Properties, Microstructure and Processing
Psychology Personality and Individual Differences Computers in Human Behavior Leadership Quarterly Appetite Journal of Vocational Behavior
Social Sciences Social Science and Medicine World Development Global Environmental Change Journal of Development of Economics Tourism Management
Veterinary Vaccine Veterinary Parasitology Veterinary Microbiology Small Ruminant Research Livestock Science
Dentistry Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Dental Materials Journal of Dentistry
Health Professions Applied Ergonomics Digital Investigation Physiotherapy Manual Therapy Complementary Therapies in Medicine
Multidisciplinary database
All journals and books on ScienceDirect: https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/sciencedirect/content
Evaluate your research area
Example with
ScienceDirect:
a multidisciplinary
database
with full-text
journal articles
and books
Evaluate your research area – with the top
articles free feature in ScienceDirect
Evaluate your research area – with the top
articles free feature in ScienceDirect
Evaluate your research area – with the top
articles free feature in ScienceDirect
Multidisciplinary database:
extend your subject area to find out the sub-categories
II. How to get
published?
Practical Advices
| 46 | 46
Practical Advices: Evaluate your subject
area with Scopus
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47 |
Scopus is the largest abstract and citation database
of peer-reviewed research literature from around the world
and features bibliometrics tools that allow you to track, analyze
and visualize scholarly research
62 million records | 22,000 titles | 5,000 publishers
Journals | Books | Conference proceedings | Patents
All content is vigorously vetted by an independent,
international board of experts called the Content Selection
and Advisory Board (CSAB)
Bibliometrics – A discipline that uses statistical methods to analyze content and
measure research performance.
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48 |
1) What’s the best journal for my research?
2) What related interdisciplinary,
global research is being produced?
3) Who is citing my work? Where is my work being
cited?
4) What’s the trend – is this a
growing or declining field?
5) Who else is working on this in
my country or elsewhere in the
world?
Designed to support literature research process
| 49 | 49 | 49
• Scopus includes content from
more than 5,000 publishers
• 62M records from 22K serials
• Updated daily
• Records back to 1823
• “Articles in Press” from > 3,750
titles
• 3,715 active Gold Open Access
journals indexed
Source: November 2015 title list at https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/scopus/content * Available late 2016
Comprehensive
TITLE OF PRESENTATION | 50
50 |
Multidisciplinary
| 51 | 51 | 51
Diverse publication types?
21,568 peer-reviewed journals
361 trade journals
• Full metadata, abstracts and
cited references (ref’s post-
1995 only)
• Funding data from
acknowledgements
• Citations back to 1970
90K conference
events
7.3M conference
papers
Mainly Engineering
and Computer
Sciences
531 book series
119,882 stand-alone
books
Focus on Social
Sciences and A&H
BOOKS CONFERENCES JOURNALS PATENTS*
27M patents
From 5 major patent
offices
- WIPO
- EPO
- USPTO
- JPO
- UK IPO
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52 |
Relevancy
• 40 different languages
covered
• 105 different countries
• Citations for all articles
1970-present
• Abstracts
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53 |
Scholarly & Reputable
• Scopus titles are selected by
the independent Content
Selection & Advisory Board
(CSAB)
• Scopus is endorsed by the
major world university
ranking organisations such
as QS, THE, Shanghai, US
News, etc.
Minimum Criteria:
• Peer review
• Abstracts (English)
• Regular publication
• References (English)
• Online
TITLE OF PRESENTATION | 54
54 |
Titles are selected by the independent Content Selection & Advisory Board (CSAB)
Focus on quality through content selection by the independent CSAB,
because:
• Provide accurate and relevant search results for users
• No dilution of search results by irrelevant or low quality content
• Support that Scopus is recognized as authoritative
• Support confidence that Scopus “reflects the truth”
TITLE OF PRESENTATION | 55
55 |
Journal Policy Quality of Content Journal Standing Regularity Online Availability
Peer-review
All titles should meet all minimum criteria in order to be considered for Scopus review:
• Convincing editorial
concept/policy
• Type of peer-review
• Diversity geographic
distribution of editors
• Diversity geographic
distribution of authors
• Academic
contribution to the
field
• Clarity of abstracts
• Quality and
conformity with
stated aims & scope
• Readability of
articles
• Citedness of journal
articles in Scopus
• Editor standing
• No delay in
publication schedule
• Content available
online
• English-language
journal home page
• Quality of home
page
More on Journal, Books and Conference papers selection criteria:
https://www.elsevier.com/solutions/scopus/content/content-policy-and-selection
Title Suggestion:
http://suggestor.step.scopus.com/suggestTitle/step1.cfm
English
abstracts
Regular
publication
Roman script
references
Pub. ethics
statement
• The title should consist of peer-reviewed content
• The title should be published on a regular basis
• The content should be relevant and readable for an international audience
• The title should have a publication ethics and publication malpractice statement
TITLE OF PRESENTATION | 56
56 |
Scopus and its peers
• Peer-reviewed
• Selection process (not transparent)
• Fewer journal titles
• USA & UK focus
• English language
• 59 South African titles
• Indiscriminate content
• Lack of transparency
• Duplication of publications
• Limited search
• Data inconsistency
Largest citation database
Peer-reviewed
Selection process (transparent)
Emerging nations
40+ languages
101 South African titles
| 57
Postgraduate Student
Finding subject
information
Lit review
Emerging researcher
Where to publish?
Finding Collaborators
Keeping up-to-date
Established Researcher
Author Profile
Citation analysis
Create ORCID
Research Manager
Institutional Performance
Patents / Funding
Research areas
Conferences
Librarians
Access to subscriptions
Ensure good subject
coverage
Different users
use
Scopus
| 58
How is Scopus used?
• Search - Documents
Find subject information
• Search – Author
• Search - Affiliation
Find information about an author / institution
• Browse sources
Find a journal/conference
• Journals [Compare Journals]
• Subject Area [Analyze Results]
• Author [Analyze author output]
• Citations [View Citation Overview] [Cited by]
Analyze
“Save as Alert”: Remind yourself about the new findings.
Evaluate your research area – in Scopus
Find out what is being cited and from where
View a citation overview of
the selected documents
View documents citing
the selected documents
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61 |
Top 10 toTop 40 of titles with the highest publication rate on Scopus for a specific topic
TITLE OF PRESENTATION | 62
62 |
Top 10 toTop 40 of affiliation and countries with the highest publication rate on Scopus for a specific topic
Review the development of your research area
Choose a target journal
Use your own references
Check databases to find in what journals most articles
on your topic were published
Choose the right journal
Do not just “descend the stairs”
Top journals
Nature, Science, Lancet, NEJM
Field-specific top journals
Other field-specific journals
National journals
DO NOT gamble by submitting your manuscript to more than one journal at a time. International ethics standards prohibit multiple/simultaneous submissions, and editors DO find out!
Article Transfer Service
• Editors may transfer
sound submissions to
another Elsevier journal
66
• Provided the submission is of
high-quality and rejected because
it doesn’t fit the Aims & Scope of
the journal
Some bibliometric indicators Key indicators of journal citation impact
| 68
For the bibliometrics indicators, kindly refer to the
presentation called Scopus as a bibliometrics tool
https://www.slideshare.net/GenevieveMusasa/scopus-as-a-
bibliometrics-tool-citescore-metrics-more-metrics-the-importance-of-
ranking
Assessment often highly based on
publications and citations
69
“not everything that
can be counted
counts,
and not everything
that counts can be
counted”
Albert Einstein (1879-1955)
| 70
Recap Before writing your paper
Determine if you are ready to publish your work
Decide on the best type of manuscript
Choose the target journal
Check the Guide for Authors
III. Structuring your article
2015
| 72
General structure of a research article
Title
Abstract
Keywords
Introduction
Methods
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Supporting Materials
Read the Guide for Authors for the specific criteria
of your target journal.
| 73
Attract reader’s attention
Contain fewest possible words
Adequately describe content
Are informative but concise
Identify main issue
Do not use technical jargon and rarely-used abbreviations
Effective manuscript titles
Editors and reviewers do not like titles that make no sense or fail to
represent the subject matter adequately. Additionally, if the title is not
accurate, the appropriate audience may not read your paper.
| 74
Keywords
Article title Keywords
“An experimental study on
evacuated tube solar collector using
supercritical CO2”
Solar collector; supercritical CO2;
solar energy; solar thermal
utilization
Are the labels of the manuscript
Are used by indexing and abstracting services
Should be specific
Should use only established abbreviations (e.g. DNA)
Check the Guide for Authors for specifics on which keywords should be
used.
| 75
Summarize the problem, methods, results, and conclusions in a
single paragraph
Make it interesting and understandable
Make it accurate and specific
A clear abstract will strongly influence whether or not your work
is considered
Keep it as brief as possible
Abstract
Take the time to write the abstract very carefully. Many authors write the
abstract last so that it accurately reflects the content of the paper.
| 76
The process of writing –
building the article
Title, Abstract, and Keywords
Figures/Tables (your data)
Conclusion Introduction
Methods Results Discussion
| 77
Provide a brief context to the readers
Address the problem
Identify the solutions and limitations
Identify what the work is trying to achieve
Provide a perspective consistent with the
nature of the journal
Introduction
Write a unique introduction for every article. DO NOT reuse introductions.
| 78
Describe how the problem was
studied
Include detailed information
Do not describe previously
published procedures
Identify the equipment and
materials used
Methods
| 79
Include only data of primary importance
Use sub-headings to keep results of the same type together
Be clear and easy to understand
Highlight the main findings
Feature unexpected findings
Provide statistical analysis
Include illustrations and figures
Results
| 80
Interpretation of results
Most important section
Make the discussion correspond to
the results and complement them
Compare published results with
your own
Discussion
Be careful not to use the following:
- Statements that go beyond what the results can support
- Non-specific expressions
- New terms not already defined or mentioned in your paper
- Speculations on possible interpretations based on imagination
| 81
Conclusion
Be clear
Provide justification for the work
Explain how your work advances the present state of knowledge
Suggest future experiments
| 82
Acknowledgments
Advisors
Financial supporters and funders
Proof readers and typists
Suppliers who may have donated materials
| 83
References
Do not use too many references
Always ensure you have fully absorbed the
material you are referencing
Avoid excessive self citations
Avoid excessive citations of publications from
the same region or institute
Conform strictly to the style given in the
Guide for Authors
Using proper scientific
language
2015
| 85
Do publishers correct language?
No!
It is the author’s
responsibility... ...but resources
are available
86
Editing and Translation services
| 87
Manuscript language: Overview
Clear
Objective
Accurate
Concise
Always read the journal’s Guide for Authors to check for any additional
language specifications.
| 88
Manuscript language: Sentences
Write direct, short, and factual
sentences
Convey one piece of information per
sentence
Avoid multiple statements in one
sentence
The average length of sentences in scientific writing
is only about 12-17 words.
| 89
Manuscript language: Tenses
Present tense:
Use for known facts and hypotheses
Past tense:
Use for experiments conducted
and results
| 90
Use active voice to shorten sentences
Avoid contractions and abbreviations
Minimize use of adverbs
Eliminate redundant phrases
Double-check unfamiliar words or
phrases
Manuscript language: Grammar
| 91
Proper English is important so editors
and reviewers can understand the work
Use short, concise sentences, correct
tenses, and correct grammar
Refer to the journal’s Guide for Authors
for specifications
Have a native English speaker check
your manuscript or use a language
editing service
Recap Are you using proper manuscript language?
IV. The reviewing process
A well understood concept, based on impartiality, transparency and confidentiality
Without it there is no control in scientific communication
Improving, validating, registering, and preserving research in a fair and unbiased
way
Principles of Peer Review
93
Purpose of Peer Review
Ensures best quality papers are selected
Improves quality of the published paper
Ensures previous work is acknowledged
Detects plagiarism and fraud
Plays a central role in academic career development
94
Submit a
paper
Basic requirements met?
REJECT
Assign
reviewers
Collect reviewers’
recommendations
Make a
decisionRevise the
paper
[Reject]
[Revision required]
[Accept]
[Yes]
[No]Review and give
recommendation
START
ACCEPT
Author Editor Reviewer
Michael Derntl. Basics of Research Paper Writing and Publishing. http://www.pri.univie.ac.at/~derntl/papers/meth-se.pdf
So how does it work?
Role of Reviewer and tasks
The peer review process is based on trust
The scientific publishing enterprise depends largely on the quality and integrity of the reviewers
Reviewer should write reports in a collegial and constructive manner
Treat manuscripts in the same manner as if they were your own
96
Issues to review as Reviewers
Importance and Clarity of Research Hypothesis
Originality of work
Strengths & weaknesses of methodology, approach & interpretation
Writing style and figure/table presentation
Ethics concerns (animal/human)
97
Rejection without external review
The Editor-in-chief evaluates submissions and determines whether they enter into the external review
process or are rejected
English language is inadequate
Prior publication of the data
Multiple simultaneous submissions of same data
98
| 99
Articles are initially reviewed by at least two reviewers
When invited, the reviewer receives the abstract of the manuscript
The Editor generally requests that the article be reviewed within 2-4
weeks
Articles are revised until the reviewers agree, or until the Editor
decides that the reviewer concerns have been adequately
addressed
The reviewers’ reports help the Editors to reach a decision on a
submitted paper
Review process (I)
| 100
Review process (II)
If report has not been received after 4 weeks, the editorial office
contacts the reviewer
If there is a notable disagreement between the reports of the
reviewers, a third reviewer may be consulted
The anonymity of the reviewers is maintained, unless a reviewer
asks the Editor to have their identity made known
| 101
Review process (III)
Reviewers must not communicate directly with authors
All manuscripts and materials must be treated
confidentially by Editors and reviewers
The aim is to have a first decision to the authors by 4-6
weeks (depending on the field) after submission
Meeting the schedule objectives requires a significant
effort by all involved
Reviewers should treat authors as they themselves would
like to be treated
| 102
What can you get back from peer review?
• Accepted without change (very rare!)
• Accepted after minor revision (means you will have to change a few
things)
• Accepted after consideration (means you will have to rewrite a few
things, possibly sections, figures, provide more data, etc)
• Reconsider after major revision (means you will have to address
some fundamental shortcomings – possibly doing additional
research and certainly rewriting big sections)
• Rejection (means the manuscript is not deemed suitable for
publication in that journal)
| 103
What leads to acceptance ?
• Attention to details
• Check and double check your work
• Consider the reviewers’ comments
• English must be as good as possible
• Presentation is important
• Take your time with revision
• Acknowledge those who have helped you
• New, original and previously unpublished
• Critically evaluate your own manuscript
• Ethical rules must be obeyed – Nigel John Cook
Editor-in-Chief, Ore Geology Reviews
V. How to not publish
|
Publish AND Perish! – if you break ethical rules
M. Errami & H. Garner, A tale of two citations
Nature 451 (2008): 397-399
105
• International scientific ethics have
evolved over centuries and are
commonly held throughout the world.
• Scientific ethics are not considered to
have national variants or
characteristics – there is a single
ethical standard for science.
• Ethics problems with scientific articles
are on the rise globally.
| 106
1. Fabrication Making up research data
2. Falsification Manipulation of existing research data
3. Plagiarism Previous work taken and passed off as one’s own
The most serious issues to avoid
These are the 3 most common forms of ethical misconduct that the research
community is challenged with:
| 107
What is plagiarism?
“Plagiarism is the appropriation
of another person’s ideas, processes,
results, or words without giving appropriate
credit, including those obtained through
confidential review of others’ research
proposals and manuscripts.”
Federal Office of Science and
Technology Policy, 1999
“Presenting the data or interpretations
of others without crediting them, and
thereby gaining for yourself the
rewards earned by others, is theft, and
it eliminates the motivation of working
scientists to generate new data and
interpretations.”
Professor Bruce Railsback, Department of
Geology, University of Georgia
| 108
What may be plagiarised?
Work that can be plagiarised includes…
Words (language)
Ideas
Findings
Writings
Graphic representations
Computer programs
Diagrams
Graphs
Illustrations
Information
Lectures
Printed material
Electronic material
Any other original work
Higher Education Academy, UK
| 109
Why do we need originality and ethical conduct?
Unethical behavior by Researchers degrades the scientific record and
the reputation of science and medicine in the broader community.
It can unfairly affect the reputation and academic record of individual
researchers/authors.
A Massive Case Of Fraud
Chemical & Engineering News
February 18, 2008
Journal editors are left reeling as publishers move
to rid their archives of scientist's falsified research
William G. Schulz
A CHEMIST IN INDIA has been found guilty of
plagiarizing and/or falsifying more than 70
research papers published in a wide variety of
Western scientific journals between 2004 and
2007, according to documents from his university,
copies of which were obtained by C&EN. Some
journal editors left reeling by the incident say it is
one of the most spectacular and outrageous
cases of scientific fraud they have ever seen. …
| 110
Correct citation is key
To place your own work in
context
To acknowledge the findings of
others on which you have built
your research
To maintain the credibility and
accuracy of the scientific
literature
Crediting the work of others (including your advisor’s or your own
previous work) by citation is important for at least three reasons:
| 111
Question
A researcher notices a paragraph in
a previously published article that
would be suitable as the Materials
and Methods in his article.
The researcher decides to copy
that paragraph into his paper
without quotes or attribution.
Has the researcher violated any ethical boundaries?
| 112
Answer
Yes
Re-using texts in the materials and methods when you followed the
same technique and used the same equipment as another author may
be a less serious form of plagiarism. However, it is still unacceptable:
instead, just say that you followed the same technique as another
author and cite them fully.
| 113
Plagiarism high amongst ethics issues
Sample of cases reported to Elsevier Journals publishing staff in 2012
| 114
How big is the problem of plagiarism?
Huge database of 30+ million articles, from 50,000+ journals, from
400+ publishers
Software alerts Editors to any similarities between the article and this
huge database of published articles
Many Elsevier journals now check every submitted article using
CrossCheck
| 115
Can you plagiarise your own work? Text re-cycling/self-plagiarism
A grey area, but be careful: always cite/quote even your own previous work
For example
You publish a paper and in a later paper, copy your Introduction word-
for word and perhaps a figure or two without citing the first paper
Editors may conclude that you intentionally exaggerated your output
| 116
Consequences question
A researcher has plagiarized another author’s article
What are the potential consequences and what actions can the publisher
or researcher’s institution/funding body take?
| 117
Consequences answer
Potential consequences can vary according to the severity of the
misconduct and the standards set by the journal editors, institutions
and funding bodies.
Possible actions include:
Written letters of concern and reprimand
Article retractions
Some form of disciplinary action on the part of the researcher’s
institute or funding body
|
Article Retraction
| 119
Plagiarism is serious but easily avoidable
Plagiarism is easily avoided
You can use ideas, phrases and
arguments from sources already
published, just acknowledge the
source and the original author
| 120
Paraphrasing
It is unacceptable:
Using exact phrases from the
original source without enclosing
them in quotation marks
Emulating sentence structure
even when using different words
Emulating paragraph
organization even when using
different wording or sentence
structure
Paraphrasing is restating someone else's ideas while not copying
their actual words verbatim.
– Statement on Plagiarism
Department of Biology, Davidson College.
www.bio.davidson.edu/dept/plagiarism.html
| 121
Recap
When in doubt, cite!
Never cut & paste
(even to save time in
drafts)
If you suspect:
REPORT Responsibility
VI. Get noticed Promoting your researcher for maximum
impact
| 123
You want to make sure your research gets the attention
it deserves
7 hrs/week average time
spent on literature
1970 2013 0
40M
The volume of research articles is
growing at an accelerated pace
For most researchers, it’s a real
challenge to keep up with the literature
Your job: make sure your research
doesn’t fall through the cracks!
| 124
1. Preparing your
article 2. Promoting your
published article
3. Monitoring your
article
Make your paper stand out from the crowd…
Share your knowledge
Create your professional research profile Promoting your article
| 127
Getting your paper noticed & Monitoring your article
My Research Dashboard:
Early feedback on downloads,
shares and citations
Data about the geographic
locations and research disciplines
of your readers
Search terms used in ScienceDirect
to find your publications
A comparison of the
performance of your article with
other people’s articles
| 128
o It combines data from our platforms and create tools and services for researchers that help them be in control of information, make valuable connections and deliver higher quality research.
o The data feeding the dashboard comes from Scopus, ScienceDirect, Mendeley, and Newsflow which shows authors where their research is being talked about in the media.
o It provides instructions and tips for sharing the results and publications with your peers via email or designated social media buttons, should you wish to do so.
o Any author who has published at least one article in a journal published by Elsevier can register for a free and personalized dashboard.
https://www.elsevier.com/societies/societies-update/issue-4/an-impactful-new-service
https://www.elsevier.com/authors/journal-authors/measuring-an-articles-impact/my-
research-dashboard-faq
My Research Dashboard shows download activity, shares,
citations, demographic data about who is reading your research,
and how and where your publications are being discovered.
Check out this short video to learn more
| 129
Published? See your stats on Mendeley
| 130
Monitoring your article:
Social Activity
Scholarly Activity
Scholarly Commentary
Mass Media
| 131
Getting noticed
Sharing research,
accomplishments and
ambitions makes you more
visible
With greater visibility, you get
cited more, promote your
research, and career
| 132 Open Access
Elsevier’s sharing guidelines
Researchers can share at each stage of the publication process:
| 133
Authorship: Do’s and don’ts
First Author:
Conducts and/or supervises the data analysis
and the proper presentation and interpretation
of the results
Puts paper together and submits the paper to
journal
Co-Author(s):
Makes intellectual contributions to the data
analysis and contributes to data interpretation
Reviews each paper draft
Must be able to present the results, defend
the implications and discuss study limitations
General principles for who is listed first:
Ghost Authors:
Leaving out authors who should be
included
Scientific Writers and Gift Authors:
Including authors when they did not
contribute significantly
Abuses to be avoided:
| 134
Rights retained by authors
Rights retained by authors in publishing agreements usually address
academic usage rights
Use of the work by the author in teaching
Re-use in other scholarly works
Publishing agreements differ by publisher
| | 135
Teaching: allowed to make
copies of the article for use in
classroom teaching
Educational materials: article
can be included in the author’s
institution or company e-course
packs or company training
Scholarly sharing: copies of the article can be shared with colleagues in private research groups
Meetings/conferences: article
can be presented and copies
can be made for attendees
Further works: article can be used in compilations, expanded to book-form, or used in thesis or dissertation
Patent and trademark rights:
for any invention disclosed or
product identified
Elsevier author rights
| 136
Submissions
An author can not submit a previously published paper
for consideration in another journal.
Duplication of the same paper in a journal of a different
language should be avoided.
“Salami Slicing”, or creating several publications from
the same research, is manipulative and discouraged.
| | 137
Describes the rights related to the publication and distribution of research
It governs how authors, publishers and the wider general public can use, publish and distribute articles or books
Through a publishing agreement between the author and publisher
• In subscription journals, it is normal to transfer copyright to the publisher
• In open access, authors retain copyright and grant publishers a license to publish their article.
Copyright
Authors retain: Copyright of the article Patent trademark and other intellectual
property rights in the article
Publishers get: An exclusive right to publish and
distribute an article. Are able to adapt the article for latest
technology even after publication.
| | 138
Describes how readers can use your article which may include commercial reuse
Know your OA policies - some funders require specific licenses
Be informed - you can’t necessarily change your mind
User Licenses
Visit Elsevier Publishing Campus:
www.publishingcampus.com
For more information on publishing ethics:
www.elsevier.com/ethics
For writing/submission tips and author services:
www.elsevier.com/authors
Thank you
for your time
and your attention!
