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A study of algal species with some water parameters in
three springs within Gali Ali-bag valley
ByShoreh Sh. Yaseen
Mahmoud Kh. Mahmoud
Supervised byBalqis H. Rasul
Kurdistan Regional GovernmentMinistry of Higher Education and Scientific ResearchSoran UniversityFaculty of Science-Biology Department
28 May 2015 Thursday پێنجشه ممه 2715 گوالن
IntroductionAlgae are micro and macroorganisms living as Tychplankton (epipelic, epilithic, epiphytic) and Phytoplankton which are mostly photosynthetic green plants. They are found in unicellular, colonial, coenobic, and filamentous forms.Many types of classification have been made each based on specific and comprehensive morphological and cytological characteristics.The benefit of algae are primary producers in aquatic ecosystem, using as a food in meal , used for biofuel, antibiotic, water purification , soil fertilization and others. Springs are groundwater rises to the surface through rock faults, fractures or depressions. Springs are formally defined as points of natural, concentrated discharge of groundwater at a rate high enough to maintain flow on the surface.
Materials and methods:
Field and sample collection:Water samples were collected from three spring sites in Gali
Ali bag valley monthly from October till December 2014, for physical, chemical and biological analysis.
Altitude:The altitude of each sites was measured by a portable
Global Positional system (GPS; model Garmin).
Physical and chemical studies:Generally physical and chemical water properties in the lab
– was carried out according to (APHA, 1999).
B
Figure A. Map of Iraq B. Map of studied area shows the sampling sites
A
Station 1
Station 2
Station 3
Microscope calibration with their magnifications
Temperature:Using a precision glass mercury thermometer (0-50˚C)
Hydrogen ion concentration (pH):Hydrogen ion concentration was measured directly in the
field by electrometric method using portable pH-meter.
Specific Electrical conductivity (EC):The electrical conductivity of water samples was measured in
the field directly using a portable EC meter.
Total Alkalinity:Total alkalinity was estimated in the laboratory using
titration method.{ Alkalinity as mg.CaCO3.l-1 = A*B*50000/ml.sample }
Where: A= ml. of standard acid B= normality of standard acid (0.02 N)
Total Acidity:Acidity was determined by titration method.
{ Acidity as mg.CaCO3.l-1 = A* B* 50000/ml of sample. }
Where: A= ml of standard NaOH titrant used B= normality of standard NaOH (0.02 N)
ChlorideIt was determined by Argentometric method using silver
nitrate titrant.{ mg.l-1 = (A-B) * N * 35450/ml of sample }
Where: A= ml titration for sample, B= ml titration for blank, N= normality of AgNO3
Algal studies:Algal collection:
Epilithic algae collection scraped from rocks by spatula and stored in vials 50 – 100 ml with its own spring water
Photos and Measurements:Photos were taken with digital camera. Examination of algae were
made with an Olympus ocular micrometer
Preservation of Algae:Each samples were preserved in Lugol’s solution, added 0.7ml of
solution to 100ml of sample. Saturated solution of blue CuSO4 was prepared and adding a few drops of it to the sample for remaining algal true colour
Identification of Algae:Non-diatom algae were identified with the help of available literature
Prescott (1970), Lind and Brook (1980), Bold and Whyne (1985), Bando et al., (1989), Komark and Anagnostidis (2005), and (John et al., 2011).
Results
:
:
a
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
Division Classes Order Families Genus Species %
Cyanophyta 1 3 4 7 14 56
Chlorophyta 3 4 4 4 9 36
Euglenophyta 1 1 1 1 2 8
Total 5 8 9 12 25 100
Table : The total number of non-diatom algal species
recorded during the studied period in the studied sites
with their percentage (%).
3
Table : The total number of non-diatom algal species with
their percentage (%) from the total recorded during the
period study.
Genera No. of
species
Percentage
%
Aphanocapsa sp. 1 4
Merismopedia sp. 1 4
Lyngbya sp. 1 4
Oscilltoria sp. . 6 24
Phormidium sp. 2 8
Spirulina sp. 2 8
Nostoc sp. 1 4
Ulothrix sp. 2 8
Spirogyra sp. 3 12
Cladophora sp. 2 8
Oedogonium sp. 2 8
Euglena sp. 2 8
Total 25 100
4
Division: Cyanophyta
Class: Cyanophyceae
Order: Chroococcales
Family: Chroococcacea
Aphanocapsa Naegeli, 1849.
Aphanocapsa elachista West and
West
Merismopedia Meyen, 1889.
Merismopedia convolutade Breb.
Order: Oscillatoriales
Family : Oscillatoriaceae
Lyngbya Agardh, 1824.
Lyngbya connectens
(Beuhl)Lyengar.
Oscilltoria Vaucher, 1892
Oscilltoria articulata Gardner
Oscilltoria curviceps (Ag.)
Gomont.
Oscilltoria lemosa (Ag.) Gomont.
Oscilltoria nigra Vauch.
Oscilltoria obscura Bruhl et.
Biswas.
Oscilltoria okeini (Ag.) Gomont.
Family: Phormidiaceae
Phormidium Kuetzing, 1843.
Phormidium anomala C. B.
Rao
Phormidium calcicola Gardner
Spirulina Tupinem. Gardner,
1827.
Spirulina major Kuetz. ex.
Gomont.
Spirulina subsalsa Oerst. ex.
Gomont.
Order: Nostocales
Family: Nostocaceae
Nostoc Vaucher, 1903.
Nostoc carneuam (Ag.) Born.
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Ulvophyceae
Order: Codiolales
Family: Codiolaceae
Ulothrix Kuetzing, 1833.
Ulothrix cylindricum Precott.
Ulothrix zonata (Weber &
Mohr.) Kuetz.
Class: Zygnematophyceae
Order: Zygnematales
Family: Zygnemataceae
Spirogyra Link, 1820.
Spirogyra communis (Hass.)
Kuetz.
Spirogyra singularis Nords
Spirogyra fallax (Hansg.) will.
Class: Cladophorophyceae
Order: Cladophorales
Family: Cladophoraceae
Cladophora Kuetzing, 1843.
Cladophora fractavar.
normalisRabh. Ex Heer.
Cladophora glomeratat (L.) Kuetz.
Order: Oedogoniales
Family:Oedogoniaceae
Oedogonium Link, 1820.
Oedogonium angustatum (Wittr.)
Tiff.
Oedogonium automnale Wittr.
Division: Euglenophyta
Class: Euglenophyceae
Order: Euglenales
Family: Euglenaceae
Euglena Ehrenberg, 1838.
Euglena elastica Presc.
Euglena gracilis Klebs
Conclusion The hydrogen ion concentration pH was in alkaline
side of neutrality. The studied spring sites were thermostatic with a
fluctuation of ±1˚C. The alkalinity of the studied areas was mainly
composed of bicarbonate alkalinity. A total of 25 non diatom algal species belong to 3
divisions, 5 classes, 8 orders, 9 families, 12 genera were identified.
The high number of species per genus were Oscilltoriae and Spirogyra with 6 and 3 species respectively.
Recommendation: Conducting studies on water quality in addition to
heavy metals, and hydrocarbons, especially for those springs that used by peoples for drinking purposes to ensure their potability.
More studies on microalgae including toxicity and ecological variables.
Thank You