Towards 100% Bio-based Buildings

Towards 100% bio-based buildings (Bio-composites in construction)

Jokin Hidalgo, TECNALIA

Alvaro Tejado (TECNALIA), Maider Azpeitia (TECNALIA), Alejandro

Salvador (TECNALIA).

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Tampere, Finland Sept2014

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Why Bio-sourced composites?

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J. Hidalgo, “Towards 100% bio-based buildings” in INNOBITE 3rd Workshop, Tampere (FI) Sept2014

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"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present, without compromising the ability of future generations to

meet their own needs.

(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1988)

Driving forces: Sustainability


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Driving forces:

DuPont Industrial Biosciences, “China Green Living Survey,” 2012. http://biosciences.dupont.com/china-green-living-survey/

Percentage of consumers that are confident that green products are better for the environment.

Consumers


http://biosciences.dupont.com/china-green-living-survey/









Standardisation bodies associated with the production of standards of biodegradability of plastics

Country Acronim Web

Austria ÖNORM www.as-search.at

Spain AENOR www.aenor.es

France AFNOR www.afnor.org

Germany DIN www.din.de

Italy UNI www.uni.com

Japan JIS www.jsa.or.jp

UK BSI www.bsigroup.com

US ASTM www.astm.org

International ISO www.iso.org

Europe CEN www.cen.eu

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Driving forces: Governments

Standards


http://www.as-search.at/



http://www.aenor.es/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=externObjLink&_locator=url&_issn=18716784&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_plusSign=+&_targetURL=http://www.afnor.org/

http://www.din.de/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=externObjLink&_locator=url&_issn=18716784&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_plusSign=+&_targetURL=http://www.uni.com/

http://www.jsa.or.jp/

http://www.bsigroup.com/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=externObjLink&_locator=url&_issn=18716784&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_plusSign=+&_targetURL=http://www.astm.org/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=externObjLink&_locator=url&_issn=18716784&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_plusSign=+&_targetURL=http://www.iso.org/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=RedirectURL&_method=externObjLink&_locator=url&_issn=18716784&_origin=article&_zone=art_page&_plusSign=+&_targetURL=http://www.cen.eu/

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Driving forces: Eco Labels


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Driving forces: Eco Labels Marketing


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Driving forces:

Ngram Viewer

Growing interest in all indexed books related to bioplastics and biocomposites.

Global interest


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Driving forces: Research - Patents


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Driving forces: Industry Investments


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Driving forces: Market


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Driving forces:

Plastemart, “Bio based plastics on the rise” http://www.plastemart.com/upload/Literature/Demand-for-bio-based-plastics-rising.asp

Market


http://www.plastemart.com/upload/Literature/Demand-for-bio-based-plastics-rising.asp












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Driving forces:

http://www.oilposter.org/

Future lack of resources




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Driving forces: Environmental Issues

http://anuncomplicatedmind.blogspot.com.es/2013/12/blame-games.html






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Driving forces: Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

Composite Building Materials for Green Building - ASHLAND - December 2011

Considers all stages of product life from raw material extraction through end of life disposal


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The development priorities should be:

https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.366513!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Biobased%20buildings.pdf

• Structural components Developed wood products - Engineered Wood Products, high-strength wood, moisture resistant sills, light-weight beams/joists/studs of biocomposites, sandwich panels for exterior walls including both the insulation and the surface of biomaterials).

• Insulation (thermal and acoustic)

Environmentally friendly high-performance insulation that provides thinner walls, with fire protection treatments.

• Barrier Materials Bio-based wind and vapor barrier for moisture-proof exterior walls, waterproofing for wet areas, façade and roofing materials with improved durability/serviceability.


https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.366513!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Biobased buildings.pdf





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The development priorities should be:

https://www.kth.se/polopoly_fs/1.366513!/Menu/general/column-content/attachment/Biobased%20buildings.pdf

• Bio-Based adhesives, sealants, other additives (lubricants, foaming agents,

inks...).







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And now?


Try to solve problems by ourselves or find out what would nature do?

Picture by Robert Clark and Emily T.Griffiths, American Museum of Natural History 20

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Biomimetic, or bio-inspired solutions


Different book covers 21

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Source: The state of the art in biomimetics Nathan F Lepora et al 2013 Bioinspir. Biomim. 8 013001 doi:10.1088/1748-3182/8/1/013001

Biomimetic, or bio-inspired solutions


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22 J. Hidalgo, “Towards 100% bio-based buildings” in INNOBITE 3rd Workshop, Tampere (FI) Sept2014


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23 J. Hidalgo, “Towards 100% bio-based buildings” in INNOBITE 3rd Workshop, Tampere (FI) Sept2014

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Bio-based materials for composites:


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Biorefinery: Resources from renewable sources.

Towards 100% bio-based buildings http://www.derbigum.com/en

http://www.derbigum.com/en


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Biorefinery: Resources from renewable sources.


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Biorefinery: From almost everywhere…

We can extract raw materials to generate useful biopolymers, from almost all the

tree of life, as we can read in the next articles:

Vegetables: “Polysaccharides from Wastes of Vegetable Industrial Processing”.

Animals: “Animal Waste for the Production of Biofuels and Biopolymers”.

Fungi: “Are mushrooms the new plastic?”

Micro algae: ”Making plastics from algae”.

Bacteriums: “Researchers Train Bacteria to Convert Bio-Wastes Into Plastic”.


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Biorefinery: Diagram of possible applications of polymers obtained from bio refining processes of cereals and pulses.

R. Wool and X. Sun, Bio-based polymers and composites. Elsevier, 2005


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Biorefinery:


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http://www.nova-institut.de/




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Bio-based materials:


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• From renewable resources (Decrease the dependence on fossil resources).

• Potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (carbon neutral / low carbon

impact).

• Often low toxicity. • Often high bio-degradability or compostability. • Less resource-intensive production (water, energy, waste).

• Support to rural development, generating more economic opportunity for the agricultural sector.

• Increased industrial competitiveness through innovative eco-efficient bio-based products.

• Biofibers are non-abrasive, lighter and cheap in comparison to glass fibers or other types of synthetic fibers. Also, they have good thermal insulating and acoustic properties due to their hollow tubular structures.



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• Need treatments to prevent from moisture.

• Photochemical degradation when exposed to UV radiation.

• Lower processing temperature (thermal stability).

•Must be a real sustainable manufacturing processes (economical, and ecologycally viable) .



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http://en.european-bioplastics.org/

Bio-based Polymers: Bio-degradable?






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Bio-based Polymers:

Natural rubber

Starch

Poly (lactic acid)

Poly (hydroxyalkanoates)

Poly (butylene succinate)

Poly (γ-glutamic acid)

Glycosaminoglycans

Proteins

Cellulose

Hemicelluloses

Lignin

Chitin / Chitosan


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Bio-based Polymers:

Polyolefins

Polyesters

Polycarbonates

Polyamides

Methyl acrylate

Poly (vinyl chloride)

Thermosetting resins: polyurethanes,

polyester, epoxy, phenolic, alkydic.


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Bio-based Reinforcements (Fibres):

Source: Biobased Structural Composite Materials for Housing and Infrastructure Applications: Oportunities and Challenges, Drzal, L.T., A.K. Mohanty, Burgueno, R., Misra, M. / www.pathnet.org


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Source: Biobased Structural Composite Materials for Housing and Infrastructure Applications: Oportunities and Challenges, Drzal, L.T., A.K. Mohanty, Burgueno, R., Misra, M. / www.pathnet.org



Towards 100% bio-based buildings 39

Bio-based polymers:

BIOCOMPOSITES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES Yatim et al. Faculty of Civil Enginnering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

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Biofibers may need pretreatments:

Mercerization. isocyanate treatment, acrylation, permanganate treatment, acetylation, silane treatment, peroxide treatment, coupling agents and other pretreatments of biofibers have achieved various levels of success in improving fiber strength and fiber-matrix adhesion in natural fiber reinforced composites.

BIOCOMPOSITES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES / Yatim et al. Faculty of Civil Enginnering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia https://www.academia.edu/


Chemical modifications:

If biofibers are used on a process that is sensitive to moisture, the fibers must be dried before or during processing.


https://www.academia.edu/



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Neolithic revolution / Permanent buildings

Bricks (Sun baked clay bricks) 9000 BCE

Timber (England) 8500 BCE

Granite, Limestone (Egipt) 3100 BCE

Marble (Greek) 650 BCE

Concrete (Roma) 20 CE

Glass (Roma) 100 CE

Iron as a primary structure (CHINA) 700 CE

Iron rediscovered after 1000 years… (England) 1775 CE

Engineered timber (Germany / England) 1852 CE

Asbestos 1866 CE

Steel (USA / England) 1890 CE

PVC 1926 CE

Reinforced concrete 1950 CE

Float Glass 1959 CE

… … … http://www.archdaily.com/476252/infographic-materials-in-architecture-a-history/


http://www.archdaily.com/476252/infographic-materials-in-architecture-a-history/












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http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/

• Structural components

• Insulation

• Barrier Materials • Adhesives, sealants…

Bio-based materials for?


http://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/

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Bio-based Matrixes:


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: from Soya Oil …

: Bio 1,3-propanediol from corn dextrose via fermentation…

: Variety of renewably sourced raw materials.

: From renewable resources like corn, linseed oil, soy, canola…

Isosorbide, propylene glycol, glycerin, industrial ethanol and ethylene glycol…

Bio-based Matrixes:


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Prepregs: sustainable, fire retardant prepregs suitable for composite applications. Similar performance to phenolic. Derived from hemicellulose crop waste such as sugar cane bagasse.

derived from naturally occurring pine oil.

Bio-based (ortho-, iso-, and terephthalic, dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) modified and bisphenol A

fumarate) and .

Bio-based Matrixes:


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Polyols for .

Dimer diamine for use in both thermoplastic

as well as curative in thermoset and systems. Polymerised fatty acids. Dimer diol building block with high di-functionality provides good colour, water repellency, flexibility, thermo-oxidative and UV stability and outstanding hydrolysis / chemical resistance for

and coatings, adhesives and elastomers.

and resins from cardanol [Industrial oily alkyl-phenolic product obtained by vacuum distillation of "cashew nut shell liquid" (CNSL)].

Bio-based Matrixes:


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Bio-based:

http://www.dr-luca.com/web/en/foamed_concrete/index.html http://www.foamedconcrete.co.uk/

Air content of over 30% so typically the densities of foamed concrete range from 200kg/m3 to 1700kg/m3.


http://www.dr-luca.com/web/en/foamed_concrete/index.html




http://www.foamedconcrete.co.uk/

http://www.foamedconcrete.co.uk/

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Bio-based:

http://www.biowerkstoff-kongress.de/award

FIS Green 300 T: The first bio-based injection mortar. The product redesign approach made it possible to achieve a high bio carbon content of 50-85 %. So it is possible to re-formulate even complex products to make them bio-based and more sustainable.






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Bio-based:

http://www.soprema.com http://www.isonat.com/ http://www.technichanvre.com/

Semi-rigid panels, or blown insulation: cellulose, cotton, flax, wool, ramie, jute, hemp, sisal, coconut fibres…

…


http://www.soprema.com/

http://www.soprema.com/

http://www.isonat.com/

http://www.isonat.com/

http://www.technichanvre.com/

http://www.technichanvre.com/

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Bio-based:

www.ecovativedesign.com/

An alternative to plastic-foam insulation, Mushroom Insulation comprises agricultural byproducts such as corn stalks and a fungal mycelium binder that is packed inside the wall where it solidifies and adheres to the wall panels.


http://www.ecovativedesign.com/

http://www.ecovativedesign.com/

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Bio-based:

http://www.hempecosystems.ch/

Towards 100% bio-based buildings

HES-mix is a building material made from hemp, lime, natural minerals and water. It is used to build walls and insulation in one material and as insulation under roof, attics, walls and floors.



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Bio-based:


Plasticsengineeringblog, “Rumplestiltskin Wanted,” Plasticsengineeringblog, http://plasticsengineeringblog.com/2012/11/12/rumplestiltskin-wanted/

resin with Lignin

resin with bio-poliols

http://plasticsengineeringblog.com/2012/11/12/rumplestiltskin-wanted/




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Bio-based:

http://www.architectenweb.nl http://www.socialdesignmagazine.com/

Expanded PLA Corck boards/mats


http://www.architectenweb.nl/

http://www.architectenweb.nl/

http://www.socialdesignmagazine.com/

http://www.socialdesignmagazine.com/

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Bio-based:


Non-bituminous vegetal roofing membrane: ecological composition of vegetable oils and pine-resin.




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Bio-based:

http://www.soprema.fr/

First bituminous membrane based on thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU).

It is an innovative and environmentally friendly rubber that consists of bio-based raw materials, resulting in 75% of European rapeseed oil.

Mammouth® Neo




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Bio-based:

http://www.ecorenfort.fr/

TS composite material based on natural fibers. Substitutes steel reinforcements and improves the thermal performance of PVC joinery while providing the necessary rigidity.




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Bio-based:

http://www.paperstoneproducts.com/

PaperStone® is made from 100% post-consumer recycled paper saturated with a PetroFree™ phenolic resins and selected natural pigments.




http://paperstoneproducts.com/docs/PSbrochureelectronicdistformat030211.pdf

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Bio-based:

http://bio-based.eu/news/wood-plastic-composite-pla/

"Fully-compostable" WPC: A German company developed a fully compostable (industrial) biocomposite. The new material made from 40% PLA and 60% wood fibers, can be recycled in composting plants. It is suitable for injection moulding and extrusion on conventional plastics processing machines.












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Bio-based:

http://www.moso-bamboo.com/ Multi layered timber + adhesive composites: wood, bamboo…


http://www.moso-bamboo.com/




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Bio-based:

http://www.rethinkwood.com/ http://www.constructionaltimber.com/ Cross laminated Timber →


http://www.rethinkwood.com/



http://www.constructionaltimber.com/

http://www.constructionaltimber.com/

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Bio-based buildings:


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http://swisscell.org/




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The Japanese Pavilion for Expo 2000 , held in Hannover, Germany , was a grid structure made of recyclable paper tubes resulting in a building with honeycomb .



http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Japan_Pavillion_Expo_2000_Hannover

http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Category:Hannover

http://en.wikiarquitectura.com/index.php/Category:Germany



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http://materia.nl/article/worlds-first-biobased-facade/










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http://www.ibd.utm.my/frontpage/index.php



http://www.ibd.utm.my/frontpage/index.php

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http://irissiel.deviantart.com/art/Samwise-s-House-in-Hobbiton-346407424














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http://www.archdaily.com/483650/tall-tinder-are-wooden-skyscrapers-really-fire-safe/


















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• 40% world people will need a new home. • 50% world population live in urban environments. In the next 40 years will reach the 70%.

• Green construction solutions usually are linked with rural or suburban building, but

solutions required in Urban.

TEDxVancouver - Michael Green - World Housing and Climate Change


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http://gizmodo.com/why-the-white-house-will-spend-2-million-to-promote-wo-1548773623

Lighter, Faster, Almost Stronger: In 2009, a nine-story apartment building in London became the tallest all-timber building ever, thanks to a relatively new technology: Prefabricated, cross-laminated wood panels.


This year , the Department of Agriculture of USA announced a project: $1 million competition for high-rise buildings built out of wood, and another million that will go to educating architects about it.


























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http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dry%C5%AB-ji






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http://www.materialscouncil.com/wacky-vernacky/






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http://www.forteliving.com.au


http://www.forteliving.com.au/


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http://www.forteliving.com.au J. Hidalgo, “Towards 100% bio-based buildings” in INNOBITE 3rd Workshop, Tampere (FI) Sept2014



Thank you

INNOBITE is co-funded by the European Community Seventh Framework Programme for European Research and

Technological Development (2012-2015)

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Presentations & Public Speaking

Towards 100% Bio-based Buildings