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Building Energy Efficiency
1
Towards Sustainable Buildings in
Thailand
Professor Surapong Chirarattananon
Building Energy Efficiency
2
Three Major Points to be covered
• Status and forecast of energy consumption and carbon emission by Thai buildings
• Policies and plans for energy conservation and expected results
• Researches being undertaken that are believed to contribute to making Thai buildings sustainable energy wise.
Building Energy Efficiency
3
The Climate of Thailand
• Located in a tropical region, the climate is hot and humid
Thailand
Thailand
• Solar radiation is strong.
Building Energy Efficiency
4
The Climate of Thailand • Endowed with generous rain fall, natural vegetation is thick.
• Abundant water in the river and klongs
• Without proper management, Thai cities can face heavy flooding.
Building Energy Efficiency
5
Vernacular Architecture and the Prevailing Climate
• Thais used to live along klongs.
• With walls constructed from light natural materials, the floor of a traditional house is raised.
• Extensive shading of solar radiation from windows and doors, all houses were naturally ventilated.
• The old life style was not convenient, but was close to nature and comfortable.
Building Energy Efficiency
6
• Use natural lighting
• Relatively narrow building to allow natural air to flow through all interior spaces.
Vernacular Architecture and the Prevailing Climate
• People had light clothing and acclimatized to local climate.
• No air-conditioning and uses little electricity or energy of any type or form.
Building Energy Efficiency
7
• These are modern dwellings of low to moderate income people.
• The floor is still raised for some.
• For most others, the floor is no longer raised.
• Without air-conditioning, energy consumption is low to moderate.
Modern Life Style and Energy Use
Building Energy Efficiency
8
Modern Life Style and Energy Use
• With these air-conditioners
• Many now live in modern houses with closed windows.
• Or these large buildings
• Note the electric lights being turned on during daytime
Building Energy Efficiency
9
• Convenient and comfortable
Modern Life Style and Energy Use
• We control our environment and choose how to live.
• Air-conditioning is used in all enclosed spaces.
Building Energy Efficiency
10
Status of Household Electricity Use
In M = within municipality, Out M = Outside municipality
• For convenience and amenity 50% A/C 20% hot shower 3% • Lighting, cooking and entertainment each 15%
Status and Forecast of Energy Use
Building Energy Efficiency
11
Item 2,010 2030
HH SMC Total HH SMC Total
Cooking
Elec, GWh 4,001 1,122 5,123 8,978 2,705 11,683 LPG, M kg 1,895 465 2,360 4,253 1,382 5,635 Wood, M kg 4,745 242 4,986 10,647 720 11,367
Charcoal, M kg 5,453 539 5,991 12,236 1,602 13,838 Electricity GWh 30,311 12,645 42,956 68,020 38,051 106,071
Elec /HH or SMC, kWh 2,247 4,985 2,680 4,202 10,425 5,347
• 4 Types of fuels are used for cooking
• LPG 90 kg/HH/Y
• Electricity 2,680 kWh/HH/Y or 220 kWh/m
Status and Forecast of Energy Use Status of Household Cooking Energy
SMC= small commercial enterprises
Building Energy Efficiency
12
Electric load forecast
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Year
Elec
tric
load
, GW
hRES GWh
SMC GWh
Total GWh
Status and Forecast of Energy Use Forecast of Household Electricity Use to 2030
Poulation Trend
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Year
Popu
latio
n an
d %
Urb
an
0
5
10
15
20
25Population,M
Urban, %
HH, Urban
HH, Rural
Total HH
• Population will increase to 70 M with 20 M HH
• Urbanization from 43% to 64%
• HH electricity from 30,000 to 68,000 GWh
• SMC electricity from 15,600 to 46,900 GWH
Building Energy Efficiency
13
• In the long past, we did not have large buildings except those of the palaces.
Status of Electricity Use in Commercial Buildings Status and Forecast of Energy Use
• Now we work in large fully air-conditioned buildings, the designs and the materials for construction of which are not different from those from any where else.
Building Energy Efficiency
14
Item
unit
Office Hotel Hospital Dept store
School Condominiun
Hypermart
Other
A/C elec/A/C area kWh/
m2Y 115.2 143.2 162.1 184.9 76.2 168.1 165.4 216.5
Lighting elec/area
kWh/
m2Y 12.9 27.0 24.1 56.2 11.1 12.2 84.8 26.0
Total elec/area kWh/
m2Y 147.5 209.3 158.8 270.9 65.2 146.6 391.0 117.6
A/C area/total % 28 65 41 68 27 26 72 32
A/C elec/total % 41 64 56 52 53 58 39 43
Lighting elec/total
% 22 19 22 22 32 22 24 20
Lighting w/area w/m2 9.3 7.8 7.7 14.6 9.5 8.9 16.9 10.9
OTTV w/m2 61.4 33.0 35.5 43.6 61.1 33.0 43.6 57.4
RTTV w/m2 29.1 18.2 15.9 20.9 29.1 17.4 22.9 24.5
A/C efficiency COP 2.21 2.13 2.44 2.77 1.99 2.07 2.43 2.17
Status of Electricity Use in Commercial Buildings Status and Forecast of Energy Use
• Electricity use per area in fully air-conditioned buildings are similar to those in Singapore or Malaysia.
Building Energy Efficiency
15
Status of Electricity Use in Commercial Buildings Status and Forecast of Energy Use
• Air-conditioning takes up 50% of electricity use in a building.
• 50% of cooling load is due to heat gain through building envelope.
• Electric lighting takes up another 20%
Building Energy Efficiency
16
Percentage Share of Electricity Demand, %
Office, 35
Hotel, 11
Hospital, 6
Deptment Store, 15
Education, 6
Condominium, 8
Hypermarket, 13
Miscellaneous, 7
Forecast of Electricity Use in Commercial Buildings Status and Forecast of Energy Use
Forecast of Electricity Demand
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
Year
Elec
trici
ty, G
Wh Total
MEA
PEA
• Office has the highest share of 35%.
• Condominium growth is high
• Total growth to 2030 is 250%.
• Commercial buildings in PEA area will out grow those in MEA area.
Building Energy Efficiency
17
Fuels Used
Types and quantities of gases emitted per GWh CO2 CH4 N2O NOX CO NMVOC
ton, C kg kg kg kg kg
2010
Natural gas 73.96 4.83 0.48 725.11 96.68 24.17
Fuel oil 1.2454 0.1771 0.0354 11.8046 0.8853 0.2951
Diesel 0.1238 0.0184 0.0037 1.2258 0.0919 0.0306
Lignite 30.12 1.09 1.53 327.34 21.82 5.46
Coal 16.63 0.62 0.87 186.13 12.41 3.10
Total 122.07 6.74 2.92 1251.61 131.89 33.05
2030
Natural gas 26.80 1.75 0.18 262.74 35.03 8.76
Fuel oil 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000
Diesel 0.0118 0.0018 0.0004 0.1172 0.0088 0.0029
Lignite 7.25 0.47 0.05 71.05 9.47 2.37
Coal 53.27 1.99 2.78 596.30 39.75 9.94
Total 87.33 4.21 3.01 930.20 84.27 21.07
Emission of Carbon and Other Gases from Power Generation
Building Energy Efficiency
18
Year Type CO2, CH4, N2O, NOX, CO, NMVOCs
kton, C ton ton ton ton ton
Commercial 2,802 35 59 1,226 149 42
2010 Residential
&SMC 7,133 395.8 597.4 61524.1 6720.5 1704.6
Total 9,935 431 656 62,750 6,870 1,747
Commercial 6,810 90.68 169 3,497 426 119
2030 Residential
&SMC 11,103 162 178 196 29 8
Total 17,913 253 347 3,693 455 127
Emission of Carbon and Other Gases • Even though when nuclear generation is counted, future emission from buildings in 2030 is 1.8 times the present emission.
Building Energy Efficiency
19
Global Carbon Emission
Building Energy Efficiency
20
• The long and hot summer of this year leads us to feel that global warming is already here.
Building Energy Efficiency
21
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
2007 2015 2020 2025 2030
Gt
2010
Efficiency 65 57
End-use 59 52
Power plants 6 5
Renewables 18 20
Biofuels 1 3
Nuclear 13 10
CCS 3 10
Share of abatement %
2020 2030
3.8 Gt 13.8 Gt
Reference Scenario
450 Scenario
Emission of Carbon and Other Gases • How can we contribute to achieving the 2oC or 450 PPM vision from action in the building sector ?
• Buildings cannot generate energy from renewable sources, the only option is to use less electricity.
Building Energy Efficiency
22
Policies and Plans for Building Energy Conservation
Europe uses laws to • Set minimum performance standards - for buildings and some appliances (Building Energy Code) • Require energy labeling (mandatory energy labeling - for all existing buildings - for some appliances (HEPS) USA and other countries uses • Set minimum performance standards - for buildings and some appliances (Building Energy Code) • Use energy labeling on a voluntary basis
Building Energy Efficiency
23
On 19 May 2010, the EU adopted the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 2010/31/EU (EPBD) which is the main legislative instrument to reduce the energy consumption of buildings.
Directive 2010/31/EU of 19 May 2010 on the energy performance of buildings Member States must establish and apply minimum energy performance requirements for new and existing buildings, to ensure that by 2021 all new buildings are so-called 'nearly zero-energy buildings'.
http://ec.europa.eu/energy/efficiency/buildings/buildings_en.htm
• Europe and USA have policies and plans to drive all types of buildings to Net Zero Energy Building (ZEB) within 10 years
California Energy Commission Two energy policy goals are driving the design of the current standards: "Zero Net Energy" (ZNE) are goals for new homes by 2020 and commercial buildings by 2030. The ZNE goal means that new buildings must use a combination of improved efficiency and distributed renewable generation to meet 100 percent of their annual energy need.
Policies and Plans for Building Energy Conservation
Building Energy Efficiency
24
The Energy Conservation Promotion Act B.E. 2535
BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ REX. Given on the 2nd day of April B.E. 2535 (1992)
The Royal Decree on Designated Building B.E. 2538
Given on the 17th day of July B.E. 2538
A set of Ministerial Regulations B.E. 2538 (1995)
• Thailand already has a building energy code
Building Energy Efficiency
25
• The Thai BEC set requirements on performance of building envelope, lighting and air-conditioning systems
• The Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) of wall of a building represents the size of the average heat gain through the envelope as sensed by the air-conditioning system of the building, eg. for Office, OTTV<50 W/m2.
Lighting Index Buildingtype Value
Lighting Power density (W/sqm.)
⇒ LPD
Office and School Hotel Hospital Condominium Dept Store Hypermart
14 12 18
COP > 3.14 or kW/RFT < 1.12 or EER > 11 for large systems.
Air-conditioning System
Building Energy Efficiency
26
62,400 71,200
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
2005
2010
2030
การใ
ชพลง
งานส
ดทาย
(kto
e)
26
ktoe 152,100
4,500 ktoe
*GDP2030 at constant price 1988 = 9,890 billion baht
EI2005 = 16 ktoe/billion baht
EI2030 = 12 BAU
With reduced consumption 2005-10
Reduce Energy Intensity by 25% in 2030 cf 2005 (APEC Leaders’ Declaration in 2007)
With EE Plan
33,400
118,700
28,900
Actual consumption
Fina
l ene
rgy
cons
umpt
ion
Thailand contribution to achieve APEC’s goal
Building Energy Efficiency
27
•The plan envisage the use of BEC and Energy Labeling to drive buildings to NZEB levels in 20 years.
REF = Reference, BEC = building energy code, HEPS = higher performance standards, LEB = low energy building, ZEB = zero energy building OTTV = overall thermal transfer, LPD = lighting power density, A/C = air-conditioning
Year 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030 2033
Level REF BEC BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ LEB LEB+ ZEB
OTTV 60 50 45 40 35 30 25 20
A/C – kW/RFT 1.4 1.12 0.95 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4
LPD 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 Building 100 80 70 60 50 40 30 20
Building Sector in Thailand 20-Y Energy Conservation Plan (20-Y ECP)
Building Energy Efficiency
28
Scientific research
Implementation Policy
โครงการศกษาเพอจดทาแผนแมบทการวจยดานการอนรกษพลงงานสาหรบประเทศไทย (ภาคอาคารธรกจและทพกอาศย)
ปท 2012 2015 2018 2021 2024 2027 2030 Research LEB+ ZEB ZEB+
Demonstration Deployment
Enter into Curricula
Graduates practise
Proliferation
Situation in the given year REF BEC BEC+ HEPS HEPS+ LEB LEB+
Building industry development
Building Sector in Thailand 20-Y Energy Conservation Plan (20-Y ECP)
• BEC and Energy Labeling will drive building industry to move, but Building Energy Science must be taught to graduates.
Building Energy Efficiency
29
- 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 70,000 80,000
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
GWh
Year BAU I EEP
32,528
53,710
68,020
Electricity Consumption of Large Buildings, GWh
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030Time (years)
Ann
ual E
lect
ricity
, GW
h
NewBuildings,Ref
ExistingBuildings,PlanAllBuildings,Ref
AllBuildings,PlanNewBuildings,Plan
• Reduce electricity use by HH 25,000 GWh from 68,000 to 32,500 GWh in 2030.
• Reduce electricity use by large buildings by 27,000 GWh from 50,000 to 23,000 GWh 2030.
Building Sector in Thailand 20-Y Energy Conservation Plan (20-Y ECP)
Building Energy Efficiency
30
Year Building Type
CO2, CH4, N2O, NOX, CO, NMVOCs, 2030 Kton, C ton ton ton ton ton
Base Large commercial 6810 90.68 169 3497 426 119 Residential & SMC 11103 162 178 196 29 8 Total 17913 253 347 3693 455 127
Plan Large commercial 3348 60 142 2952 360 101 Residential & SMC 7886 95 101 112 16 5 Total 11234 155 243 3064 376 106
Emission of Carbon & Other Gases
• A reduction of more than 30%.
Building Energy Efficiency
31
Research towards sustainable buildings
Roof Surface Reflection and Insulation: 1) Reflective coating and reflective insulation are effective 2) Reflective insulation is cost-effective for all functions under roofs.
The following research results contradict popular believes
Building Energy Efficiency
32
Cooling coil load per wall area: variation in wall thickness
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2
Wall thickness, m
Cool
ing
load
per
wal
l ar
ea, W
.m-2
Hotel 24H
Office
Dept Store
Living Rm
Bedroom
Studio
LCC of Walls of Varying Thickness
75
125
175
225
275
325
375
0 50 100 150 200
Wall Thickness, mm
LCC
Cost
( ฿.m
-2. .Y
-1)
24-hours
Day Time
Dept Store
Living Room
Bedroom
Studio Room
Annualized MaterialCosts (B/m2)
Research towards sustainable buildings Wall mass: 1) massive wall is not thermally performing and isbad for residential buildings
2) Not cost effective for all residential buildings
Light wall is cheaper and causes less emission
Building Energy Efficiency
33
Research towards sustainable buildings Insulation for Walls 1) Insulation on interior surface very cost-effective
2) Uncertain for insulation on exterior surface Life Cycle Cost of Insulation
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 25 50 75
Insulation thickness, mm
LCC
, Bah
ts
0
1
2
3
4
5
Payb
ack
Perio
d
Hotel
Dept Store
Office
Hotel, pb
Dept Store, pb
Office, pb
Building Energy Efficiency
34
Research towards sustainable buildings
• Walls with higher energy performanceare more cost-effective
• Costs of walls increase with sizes of window
• Lighting with higher energy performance are more cost-effective
• A/C system with good energy performance are cost-effective
มลคาตลอดอายใชงานของชดหลอดไฟฟาและอปกรณ
50.00
70.00
90.00
110.00
130.00
150.00
170.00
4.00 8.00 12.00 16.00 20.00
กาลงไฟฟาตอตรม.
มลคารวม
Building Energy Efficiency
35
Research towards sustainable buildings
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5
Distance from the window (m)
Illum
inan
ce o
n th
e w
orkp
lane
(klu
x)
EXP_08:00
BESim_08:00
EXP_12:00
BESim_12:00
• Daylighting through external sun-shaded windows is very cost-effective
• Proper shading reduces glare and allow viewing from the interior.
• Energy savings accrue from both saving of electric lighting and lower cooling load
NPV Wall and Energy costs minus ELE saving
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
WWR
Net
co
st,
B/s
qm
of
wal
l ar
ea
GRN-CLR-UnIns
GRN-CLR-Ins
GRN-LE-UnIns
GRN-LE-Ins
GRN-IGU-UnIns
GRN-IGU-Ins
HR-GRN-UnIns
HR-GRN-Ins
• Optimum WWR is 35%
Building Energy Efficiency
Light Pipes • Light pipes, circular or of any shape, can be used to bring both daylight from the sun and daylight from the sky into deep interior spaces of a building.
Research towards sustainable buildings
Building Energy Efficiency
37
• Applying anidolic concentration to Light Pipes can reduce costs and increases the range and varieties of applications
Research towards sustainable buildings
Three Dimensional Plots of Ray Trajectories, acceptance angle 40°
a) Rays enter at 20o b) Rays enter at 40 c) Rays enter at 45o
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
illum
inan
ce,k
lx
Time
Transmitted Diffuse Illuminance
Diffuse illuminances
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
10.0
0 10
.25
10.5
0 11
.15
11.4
0 12
.05
12.3
0 12
.55
13.2
0 13
.45
14.1
0 14
.35
15.0
0 15
.25
15.5
0
illum
inan
ce,k
lx
Time
Transmitted Beam Illuminance
Beam illuminan…
of daylight in buildings.
Building Energy Efficiency
38
Research towards sustainable buildings Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS)
• Air-conditioning systems used inThailand do not control humidity and ventilation is low or none.
• Lack of humidity control results in humid interior that cannot inhibits growth of dust mites, fungi, and microbials.
• Inadequate or under ventilation leads to accumulation of CO2
• Building up of CO2 in a meeting room after 10 mins to 2,000 ppm.
Space DOAS(Vent only)
Sensible Cooling Equipment
(Circulatinon only)
• A DOAS takes care of humidity in the ventilation air
• A separate cooling system takes care of sensible load only.
Building Energy Efficiency
39
CC
Alternative 4: enthalpy wheel (EW), CC, & HW
2 3
6 RA
OA 1
7 EA
EW HW
5
4
SOA
2
1
3
7
5 6
4
Dedicated Outside Air System (DOAS) • A heat exchange wheel is used to adjust the DBT with the speed of the wheel.
• The speed of the passive enthalpy wheel can be adjusted to control humidity, so this option has best control of temperature and humidity.
Research towards sustainable buildings
Building Energy Efficiency
40
Summary
•Technologies for low energy buildings for the tropical region differ from those for cool climate.
• We need to continually conduct our research in order to advance technology for low energy buildings to reach all kinds of buildings.
• We need to convince educators that the low energy building technology is important and the university curricula should be upgraded to encompass it.