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Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne 11
PVKLIMA Timeseries of Spectrally Resolved Irradiance Data
from Satellite Measurements
Jethro Betcke, Annette Hammer,
PV Performance Modelling and Monitoring Workshop
22nd October 2015, Cologne
2/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Content
• Why focus on spectrally resolved irradiance?
• PVKLIMA project
• Spectrally resolved irradiance from satellite data
• New developments
• Summary and outlook
• References and Funding
3/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Variations in spectrum
Measurements: TÜV Rheinland
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)
No
rma
lize
d Ir
radi
ance
Nor
ma
lized
Irra
dia
nce
4/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne 4
Spectrally weighted irradiance
Normalized spectral irradiance
E(λ) Spectral irradiance
Global irradiance
SR(λ) Spectral sensitivity of PV module
n(λ)=E(λ)/G
5/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Error in Gw when using AM 1.5 instead of measured spectrum
• → don't neglect spectral effect!
Stuttgart, south oriented tilted plane, one year of data
Spectral measurements: Bastian ZinßerIPE Stuttgart
6/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Seasonal effect
Spectral effect is site specific (→ presentation of Markus Schweiger)
7/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
PVKLIMA - Energy Yield of Thin Film Photovoltaic Modules under the Influence of different Climate Impacts
• Worldwide meteorological reference dataset to asses efficiency of modules under realistic working conditions
• Here: Characterizing and rating the impact of the solar spectrum on the energy yield of thin film PV modules
• (other impacts: temperature, soiling...)
8/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
PVKLIMA - Energy Yield from Thin Film Photovoltaic Modules under the Influence of different Climate Impacts
• Worldwide meteorological reference dataset to asses efficiency of modules under realistic working conditions
• Here: Characterizing and rating the impact of the solar spectrum on the energy yield of thin film PV modules
• Only possible when using satellite data!
9/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Spectrally resolved iradiance data from satellite measurements
H2O, O
3, CO
2
absorptionAerosols: Scattering and absorption
Clouds: Scattering and absorption
ground reflection
www.clipartpanda.com
10/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Modelling the Spectrum
• Atmospheric composition:
– Global MACC Dataset of European weather service ECMWF
• combination of ground measurements, satellite measurements and Numerical Weather Models
• Time resolution: 6 hours
• Cloud information:
– Heliosat method and geostationary satellite imagery
• Saving computing time:
– SOLIS: Parametrization of radiative transfer calculations
13/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Kato bands for faster computationN
orm
aliz
ed Ir
rad
ianc
e
Wavelength (nm)
14/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Speed up computation time with SOLIS parametrization
slowradiation transport
calculation with libRadtran
atmospheric composition solar elevation
spectrally resolved irradiance for two
solar elevations
Fit mit „Modified Lambert Bar“
Funktion
MLB-Parameter
fit „Modified Lambert Beer“
function
fast„Modified Lambert Beer“
function
Solar elevation
Global irradiance:libRadtran supporting pointMLB FunctionlibRadtran
Direct irradiance:libRadtran supporting pointMLB FunctionlibRadtran
spectrally resolved irradiance
Two calculations for a given atmospheric composition
(Solar elevations 30° and 90°)As often as wanted Example: Irradiance at 530 nm
SZA=90°-Sonnenhöhe (°)
Based on Mueller et al 2002,EUMETSAT Conf.
x
+
Ein
stra
hlun
g (m
W/m
2)
15/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
How often do we need to calculate?
• spectral clear sky irradiance solely depends on solar elevation, if atmospheric state does not significantly change.
→ two radiative transport calculations are sufficient
• For which period can we suppose invariant atmospheric conditions?
• Preliminary study: approximately 10 days.
17/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Heliosat method
Bild: EUMETSAT
reflectivity ρ of given image
one month of images VIS
cloud index n: measure of clouds
clear sky index k*:transmission through clouds
ground albedo ρground
n=ρ−ρgroundρcloud−ρground
0≤n≤1
k =GG clearsky
= 1−n
*
for each pixel:search forcloud freescene
Meteosat Second Generation: spatial resolution: up to 1x1 km temporal resolution: 15 minutes
19/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Quality of method
PCA_SPEC: simple empirical method, clear sky index and solar elevation are only input
20/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
PVKLIMA results and future stepsFrequency of
calculation(preliminary study done)
Parametrization of Aerosol optical thickness(publication in preparation)
broken clouds
Developtilt conversion for spectral irradiance(in progress)
Application onMeteosat EastGOESvalidation starts now
21/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
PVKLIMA results and future stepsFrequency of
calculation(preliminary study done)
Parametrization of Aerosol optical thickness(publication in preparation)
broken clouds
Developtilt conversion for spectral irradiance(in progress)
Application toMeteosat EastGOESvalidation starts now
22/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Tilt conversion
• Angle-resolved spectral irradiance can be determined with radiative transport calculations(computational intensive)
• -> simple model of hemisphere, similar to Perez or Klucher model and parametrization per Kato band.
• Spectral data for validation:
– Measurement of tilted spectral irradiance at the five PVKLIMA/TÜV Rheinland sites
– Simultaneous measurements of horizontal and tilted spectral irradiance at University of Oldenburg (RAMSES spectrometer, spring 2015)
Source: Perez et al., Solar Energy 39, 1987
23/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Summary and Outlook
• Spectral impact on PV-yield can be analyzed with site specific timeseries of spectral irradiance
• for areas this information can be obtained with a combination of models, MACC and satellite data.
• The method is already available, further optimizations will be developed within PVKLIMA
24/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
References• LibRadtran:
–Mayer, B., and Kylling, A., 2005. Technical note: The libRadtran software package for radiative transfer calculations-description and examples of use. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 5, 1855–1877.
• SOLIS:
–Mueller, R.W., Dagestad, K.F., Ineichen, P., Schroedter-Homscheidt, M., Cros, S., Dumortier, D., Kuhlemann, R., Olseth, J.A., Piernavieja, G., Reise, C., Wald, L., Heinemann, D., 2004. Rethinking satellite-based solar irradiance modelling: The SOLIS clear-sky module. Remote Sensing of Environment 91, 160 – 174. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2004.02.009
• Tilt conversion of diffuse irradiance:
–Klucher, T.M., 1979. Evaluation of models to predict insolation on tilted surfaces. Solar Energy 23, 111–114.
–Perez, R., Seals, R., Ineichen, P., Stewart, R., Menicucci, D., 1987. A new simplified version of the Perez diffuse irradiance model for tilted surfaces. Solar energy 39, 221–231.
• Spectral irradiance from satellite data:
–Betcke, J., Behrendt, T., Kühnert, J., Hammer, A., Lorenz, E., Heinemann, D., 2010. Spectrally resolved solar irradiance derived from meteosat cloud information - Comparison of two methods, in: Proceedings of the 2010 EUMETSAT Meteorological Satellite Conference. Cordoba, Spain.
–Mueller, R., Behrendt, T., Hammer, A., Kemper, A., 2012. A New Algorithm for the Satellite-Based Retrieval of Solar Surface Irradiance in Spectral Bands. Remote Sensing 4, 622–647. doi:10.3390/rs4030622
Behrendt, T., Kuehnert, J., Hammer, A., Lorenz, E., Betcke, J., Heinemann, D., 2013. Solar spectral irradiance derived from satellite data: A tool to improve thin film PV performance estimations? Solar Energy 98, 100–110. doi:10.1016/j.solener.2013.05.011
25/25Betcke, Hammer, PVPMM Workshop, 22. October 2015, Cologne
Acknowledgements
• The project PVKLIMA is funded by the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, Building and Nuclear Safety (BMU) following an order by the German Federal Parliament (BMU FKZ 0325517B). The content of the presentation is the sole responsibility of the authors