How can we reduce open defecation in rural India?

The Ask HOW Analysis

How can we enable

rural Indians to stop

open defecation?

Data and Analysis source:


HOW CAN WE REDUCE OPEN DEFECATION?

Why Is It Important? Use of toilets by ALL (100%) members of the community is necessary to significantly reduce fecally transmitted diseases.

PUBLIC HEALTH


Why Is It Important? Sanitation- related diseases are major killers.

ŸDiarrhoea - 88% of which is due to poor water and sanitation.

ŸDiarrhoea kills more children than HIV/AIDS, malaria and measles combined.

Sources:

Ÿ Department for International Development, Water Sanitation and Hygiene Evidence Paper, May 2013.

Ÿ http://www.cdc.gov/safewater/disease.html

Fatalities attributed to sanitation- related diseases outnumber the fatalities caused by Malaria, HIV/AIDS and Measles COMBINED.

Most diarrhoea - related deaths are children.

>


Malaria Deaths (under 5 years)

Diarrhoea Deaths (under 5 years)

HIV/AIDS Deaths (under 5 years)

Measles Deaths (under 5 years)


Why Is It Important? CHILDREN pay the price for the lack of sanitation.

Sources:

Ÿ http://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/09/13/almost-5000-indian-children-die-daily/

Ÿ4650 children died every day in India in 2011– for every 1000 children born, 61 are unlikely to make it to their 5th birthday. One of the major reasons for this, is poor sanitation.

3 children die EVERY MINUTE and poor sanitation is one of the reasons.



How Many People Do It?

Sources:

Ÿ

Ÿ Census 2011

Progress on Drinking Water & Sanitation: 2012 Update; UNICEF, WHO - http://www.unicef.org/media/files/JMPreport2012.pdf

Out of 10 people who practice

open defecation across the world,

6 live in India

People defecatingin the open in India

People defecatingin the open in China, Pakistan and Nepal put together

>>>>>>>>>9 TIMES THE NUMBER

TOILET ELSEWHERE 7 out of 10 Indians living

in villages defecate in the open.



Why Do People Defecate In The Open?

REASON 1: Not enough toilets have been constructed and where constructed they are not all usable.

REASON 2: Even when usable toilets are available, people do not use them.

Sources:

Ÿ Water and Sanitation Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, A decade after the Total Sanitation Campaign, Rapid Assessment of Processes and Outcomes. Volume 1



69% OF INDIANS IN VILLAGES DO NOT HAVE ACCESS TO A TOILET

Sources:

Ÿ Census 2011

Ÿ Water and Sanitation Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, A decade after the Total Sanitation Campaign, Rapid Assessment of Processes and Outcomes. Volume 1

Ÿ From Outlays to Outcomes, Understanding the Status of Rural Sanitation Data, Avani Kapur, Saamia Ibrahim,Accountability Initiative, Centre for Policy Research (CPR) for the State of Sanitation Project, Arghyam

TIME (yrs.)

GROWTH IN ACCESS

Access has grown by less than 10% in the last 10 years - from 22% in 2001 to 31% in 2011.



WHY DO PEOPLE NOT HAVE ACCESS TO TOILETS?

While sanitation is a priority to women, men do not recognise its importance. In situations where men are responsible for taking investment decisions, sanitation takes lesser priority

Sources:

Ÿ Sanitation Markets: Using economics to improve the delivery of services along the sanitation value chain Pathfinder paper, 2012

Ÿ Strategic communication for total sanitation campaign;

Ÿ Arghyam survey in Davangere district, Karnataka

`9100per family forbuillding toilets

Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan Scheme

Awareness is very low and delivery of the scheme is poor



Toilet Construction does not automatically translate into toilet usage.

Sources:

Ÿ Water and Sanitation Programme, Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, A decade after the Total

Sanitation Campaign, Rapid Assessment of Processes and Outcomes. Volume 1

Ÿ Strategic communication for total sanitation campaign



Some key reasons for not using toilets include:

Sources:

Ÿ Gonzalez, Pathways to sustainability in Community Led Total Sanitation. PhD Thesis available at:

http://riunet.upv.es/bitstream/handle/10251/31520/Pathways%20to%20sustainability%20in%20community_5653.pdf?sequence=16;

Ÿ Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation, Ministry of Rural Development, Toward Nirmal Bharat, Rural Sanitation and

Hygiene Strategy 2012-2022, published on 4 July 2011


Poor Quality Construction

Poor Water SupplyFear of bringing waste close to home and

dealing with it


How Do We Ensure Access?

ŸFocus on rural men and connecting the image of a responsible man as someone who will build sanitation facilities for the women in his family

ŸImprove delivery mechanism



How Do We Ensure Usage?

Build better toilets with more space, light and better ventilation, that would use less water and can be maintained easily.



What Is Needed Now?

ŸMonitor usage of toilets and not just their construction.

ŸEncourage access and usage in mission mode by:

1) Hiring more people (swachata doots) to implement and training them better to create demand and sustain usage

2) Designing better toilets - in terms of enhancing user experience and using technologies that don't negatively impact groundwater quality.

3) Clearing choke points in the supply chain and enabling smooth flow of money

ventilation

water supply

proper drainage

good construction

Ÿ improved sanitationŸ reduced health problemsŸ cleaner, hygienic surroundings


How can we

persuade people to use

toilets already built?

How can we construct

more and better toilets?

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