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Contents
Survey
Education
Aid & Appliance
Healthcare
Employment
Attitudes towards…
Awareness
Social Protection
Accessibility
References
Enable empowerment
SITPROSOL SITuation PROblem SOLution
Case study Report for Differently abled
(persons with disabilities)
wwwwww..eennaabblleedd..iinn
ENABLED.IN
Introduction
India has a growing disability
rights movement and one of the more
progressive policy frameworks in the
developing world. But, a lot more needs
to be done in implementation and
“getting the basics right”. Preventive
health programs need to be deepened
and all children screened at a young
age. People with disabilities need to be
better integrated into society by
overcoming stigma. Most importantly,
differently abled persons should
themselves be made active participants
in the development process.
India has some 40 to 80 million
differently abled persons. But low literacy,
few jobs and widespread social stigma are
making disabled people among the most
excluded in India. With better education
and more access to jobs, people with
disabilities can become an integral part of
society, as well as help generate higher
economic growth that will benefit the
country as a whole.
Survey:
Profile of Differently abled persons (DAP)
The two major
official sources of
data on disability
differ, with the
census estimate
around 18
percent higher
than NSS
estimates.
SITUATION
The NSS for 2002 estimates that 8.4 percent of rural households
and 6.1 percent of urban households had a member with a disability.
PWD as share of... Census NSS 58th
All individuals 2.13 1.8
All urban individuals NA 1.50
All urban households NA 6.1
All rural individuals NA 1.85
All rural households NA 8.4
All males 2.37 2.12
All females 1.87 1.67
(Sources: Census 2001 and NSS 2002.)
Non‐income indicators from UP and TN like frequency of three
meals a day.
The higher than average rural share in the PWD household
population, with considerably higher than average poverty rates in rural
areas nationally.
The very high rates of widowhood for women, implying higher
probabilities of being poor.
Consistent findings from qualitative work (both in the UP/TN study
and in other studies in India on disability) of community perceptions that
households with disabled members tend to be poorer and more
vulnerable.
DAP Profile
One notable difference
between the
characteristics presented
is the urban share of the
PWD and general
household populations
Household
The urban share of the general population over 20 percent higher
than for the PWD household population, pointing to issues with access to
health care, the nature of work, and other factors. In terms of the relative
poverty rates of PWD households, this is likely to have significant
implications, as national estimates from 1999‐00 find rural poverty rates
more than double those in urban areas.
Household characteristic General population HHs with PWD
ST 8.1% 6.9%
SC 20.2% 21.1%
OBC 39.9% 42.0%
Female headed 7.7% 7.2%
Urban 26.1% 21.6%
Land owned (hectares) 0.83 0.95
HH head illiterate or primary /less education
65.8% 66.7%
HH head with secondary /higher education
20.3% 17.2%
Household size 7.23 6.05
Age of HH head 45.98 years 50.04 years
(Source: NSS, 58th round, )Bank staff estimates.)
Looking at the prevalence of specific disability types, the
divergence between census and NSS estimates are very pronounced for
locomotors and visual disabilities.
Multiple
Locomotor
Speech
Hearing
Visual
Mental
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
NSSCensus
(Source: NSS, 58 round and census, 2001.)
The key point is
that the bulk of
PWD are only
mildly/moderat
ely impaired by
the NSS
measure.
Aid & Appliance The NSS indicator, which is extent of reliance on aids and
appliances and other people for self‐care.
Extent of disability Share of all PWD
Cannot take care of self even with aid‐appliance
13.6%
Can take care of self only with aid‐appliance
17.2%
Can take care of self without aid‐appliance
60.2%
Aid‐appliance not tried/available 9.0%
(Source: NSS, 58th round, )Bank staff estimates.)
DAP have high rates of illiteracy relative to the general population, for
some disabilities close to double national averages.
For both
households with
and without a
disabled member,
around half the
respondents
believed that
disability was
always or almost
always a curse of
God
Attitudes Towards
Acceptance that children with disabilities should always attend special (top) and regular (bottom) schools, by disability type, UP and TN, 2005
Special School Non‐PWD PWD Severe PWD
Locomotor 96.7 95.3 96.2
Vision 91.1 87.2 88.3
Speech/hearing 86.5 82.5 83.4
Mental Ill 61.4 50.1 52.9
MR
60.8 51.9 54.0
Regular School Non‐PWD PWD Severe PWD
Locomotor
81.8 80.6 80.4
Vision
25.7 27.8 25
Speech/hearing
21.3 19.9 19.9
Mental ill 2 1.9 2
MR 1.1 1.3 1.3
( Source: UP and TN survey, 2005. Bank staff estimates.)
Acceptance that children with locomotor disabilities can always
attend regular school is high ( though acceptance that they could attend
a special School is even higher ). For those with vision and
speech/hearing disabilities, only between a fifth and a quarter of
respondents thought that they could always/almost always attend
regular schools. However, for children with mental illness or retardation,
there was very high agreement that they should never attend regular
schools.
The age profile of
disability onset
varies sharply by
category of
disability
Health Care Generally, the focus of PWD‐specific public interventions has been
on rehabilitation. Technological support on rehabilitation is provided by the
five National Institutes on disability, set up in the 1970s and 1980’s
Institution Special
Educators Trained
Rehabilitation Services
Extension Services
Clinical Services
Total PWD served
National Institute of Hearing
Handicapped
2536 23452 11077 175893 212958
National Institute of Mentally
Handicapped
31804 14445 54071 18923 119243
National Institute of
Orthopedically Handicapped
− 23487 65083 221804 310374
National Institute of Visually
Handicapped
5972 325771 83463 24128 439514
Institute for the Physically Handicapped
619 22090 47201 65652 135562
National Institute of
Rehabilitation Training and Research
415 26369 1863 330437 359089
District Rehabilitation Centre/Region
al Rehabilitation
Training Centers
− 26614 149583 204286 380483
Total 41346 462228 412526 1041123 195722
Employment rates
of PWD in India
are lower than the
general
population for
both genders and
across urban and
rural areas, and
have fallen in the
1990s
Employment PWD placed by employment exchanges are very low and placement rates have halved over the past decade (in thousands).
Special Employment Exchanges
Registrations Placements Live Register Placement
ratio
1994 8.4 1.3 67.1 1.94%
1999 15.1 1.3 96.2 1.35%
2000 14.8
1 101.1 0.99%
2001 12 1.1 107.8 1.02%
2002 11.6 1 110.6 0.90%
2003 10.9 1 109.9 0.91%
Other Exchanges
1994 35.3 3.2 273.2 1.17%
1999 47.6 2.9 359.7 0.81%
2000 49.9 2.3 384.1 0.60%
2001 48.1 2.4 402.2 0.60%
2002 47.8 2.4 422.1 0.57%
2003 55.2 3.9 551.8 0.71%
Employment rates of PWD and general population by gender
and location, early 2000s
Awareness of the PWD Act
The Act covers only
designated groups of
PWD, which is by no
means completely
inclusive of categories of
disability.
Awareness of the PWD Act
Awareness of the PWD Act in the states studied remains very low,
and lower among households with PWDs than those without them.
UP PWD HH UP non‐PWD
HH TN PWD HH TN non‐PWD HH
Aware 4.1% 7.5% 6.8% 8.9%
o/w veryfamiliar
6.3% 26.1% 7.4% 11.1%
Not Aware
95.9% 92.5% 93.2% 91.1%
Source: UP and TN Village Survey (2005)
Governmental Structure for Policy and Implementation of Programs for
the Disabled in India here is a complex institutional framework for
operation of the disability sector in India
Perhaps the most
obvious point is that
even states with
excellent outcomes on
their general child
population such as
Kerala and TN have
stubbornly high out of
school rates for
Differently abled
children
Education Large numbers of children with disabilities remain out of school.
They are 4 to 5 times less likely to be in school than SC/ST children. If
they do stay in school, they rarely progress beyond primary levels. This
leads to lower employment and incomes.
Almost three quarters of those with severe disabilities are
Illiterate, and even for those with mild disabilities, the illiteracy rate is
around.
Only around 1% of funds under SSA( Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) are
spent on inclusive education. And, the budget for educating children with
mild to moderate disabilities in regular school settings has not increased
commensurately since the focus on inclusive education began in the
1970s.
PROBLEM
The portrayal of
people with
disabilities is
overwhelmingly
negative, but also
exhibits a strong
gender bias in terms
of the perceived
capacities of
disabled men and
women.
Attitudes Negative attitudes held by the families of the disabled, and often
the disabled themselves, deter disabled persons from taking an active part
in the family, community or workforce. Those suffering from mental illness
or mental retardation face the worst stigma and are subject to severe social
exclusion.
Perhaps the most interesting overarching result is that households
with disabled or severely disabled members exhibit very similar attitudes
to those of households without disabled members. The small differences
indicate slightly less willingness of households with disabled members to
accept attendance of disabled children in regular schools.
Locomotor
disability is the
category which
is undergoing
the most rapid
change in
causal profile.
Health Care A large number of disabilities in India are preventable, including
those arising from medical issues during birth, maternal conditions,
malnutrition, as well as accidents and injuries. However, the health sector
is yet to react more proactively to disability, especially in the rural areas.
There is stark regional disparity. In general, states that lag in
health services also lag in caring for the disabled. Those disabled from
birth, women, and ST/SC/OBC are less likely to seek health care. Despite
years of public intervention, only a few disabled people have access to
aids and appliances.
The gap in
employment rates
between PWD and
the general
population is more
pronounced for
those with the
lowest levels of
education in both
periods.
Employment Even though many disabled adults are capable of productive work,
disabled adults have far lower employment rates than the general
population. In fact, employment of people with disability actually fell from
43% in 1991 to 38% in 2002, despite the country's economic growth. In the
public sector, despite a 3% reservation since 2003, only 10% of posts have
been identified as “suitable”. The quota policy is also covers just three types
of disability – locomotor, hearing and visual.
The situation is far worse in the private sector. The sector has few
incentives for hiring disabled people. In the late 1990s, employment of
people with disability among large private firms was only 0.3% of their
workforce. Among multinational companies, this was a mere 0.05%.
Financial assistance too has hardly reached those in need. The National
Handicapped Finance and Development Corporation disbursed assistance to
less than 20,000 disabled persons between 1997 and 2002.
Only formal
sector workers
are covered by
the mandated
disability
insurance
schemes,
although some
voluntary
i i
Social ProtectionThough centrally sponsored anti‐poverty programmes have
reservations for people with disabilities, the numbers who have
benefited are well below the minimum laid down. The new National
Rural Employment Guarantee Act has dropped reservations for the
disabled entirely, though some states (e.g. AP) are making efforts to
include disabled people. Few people with disabilities are aware of such
programs and many states lack focus on social protection for PWD.
Despite having one of the most progressive policy frameworks
for persons with disabilities, India falls short in implementation. The
Persons With Disabilities Act of 1995 is the cornerstone of India’s policy
framework, but its enforcement faces many challenges.
Indian
Government
Sites Not Yet
Fully Disabled‐
friendly – Now
who will take
this Up?
Accessibility Physical accessibility in buildings, transportation and the like, as
well as access to services is key for persons with disability. Guidelines
already exist for buildings that are friendly for both the disabled and the
elderly. But these guidelines need to be adopted into building bye‐laws to
make them legally binding.
Many of the rights provided for people with disabilities in India can
not be realized without ensuring that the services to which they are entitled
are accessible, and that barriers to access in their broader environment are
reduced. Accessibility for people with disabilities can mean many things,
ranging from physical access to services and the built environment, to
access to appropriate services such as adapted curriculum and rehabilitation
services, to access to civil and political participation, including voting and
the justice system.
Basic training of
educational
administrators
would also be
necessary in order to
ensure that teachers
are encouraged to
use their disability‐
specific skills.
Education
There is a need for a more accurate data collection. Harmonizing
definitions of disability in government surveys and the census would be a
good beginning.
1. Improving identification of children with disabilities and
promoting access to schools
2. Improving the quality of education services
3. Strengthening education institutions
SOLUTION
Enhanced Quality Learning
Parents associations are developedand strengthened parentsassociations and childrenmobilize to challenge publicopinion on children withdisabilities.
Parents andchildren are empowered toadvocate to policy makers,teachers, and the pubic forthe rights of children withdisabilities.
Capacity building forMinistries of Education toallow the sustainableimproved management of theeducation system by theministries themselves, thusfacilitating long termimproved access and qualityin education sector, ensuringthat mainstream schooling isaccessible to children withdisabilities.
Universal primary education, including children with disabilities
Our website have the information on special education providing special schools and National Institute which will help the differently abled person's life progress in right path and achieve their ambition.
Listen to the
person with the
disability. Do not
make
assumptions
about what the
person can or
cannot do.
Attitudes Much of the literature on disability in India has pointed to the
importance of the concept of karma in attitudes to disability, with disability
perceived either as punishment for misdeeds in the past lives of the PWD,
or the wrongdoings of their parents.
Showcasing success stories of people with disabilities can challenge
these deep rooted negative perceptions.
1. Changing attitudes to disability is likely to area where it is particularly
important for governments to work with people with disabilities,
NGO/DPOs,
2. A second important step where media, persons with disabilities,
social activists, and NGOs are likely to have comparative
advantage is putting the experience and success stories of
persons with disabilities into the public arena.
3. Changing societal attitudes to people with disabilities, even
among people with disabilities themselves at times, presents
many challenges. However, a basic starting point is facts
We exhibit the successful personalities who overcome the obstacles has their testimony in the form of videos and audios which will motivate the other differently abled persons immensely.
It is also clear that
prevention of disability is
also dependent on policies and
actions outside the health system.
Health Care It is clear that much remains to be done to improve the response
of health systems to disability, both in terms of prevention and in terms
of access to treatment and rehabilitation services.
1. Improving identification and certification of disability
2. Minimizing the incidence and severity of disability
3. Improving quality of care for disabled people
4. Addressing current and future provision and information gaps.
Prevention of deformities will be presented with 100% proven methods as the needy people benefited from our magazines and book for their better life and held their head high in this competitive society
Improving
employment
outcomes for
people with
disabilities starts
with the education
system and
community
attitudes.
Employment It is clear from the review of active labor policies in the public
sector and private interventions that there are no magic solutions to the
poor employment outcomes of PWD.
Improving employment outcomes for people with disabilities starts
with the education system and community attitudes.
Several recommendations emerge from the analysis
1. Improving public sector employment practices
2. Improving quality of private sector initiatives, and strengthening
public‐private partnerships
3. Increasing outreach to marginalized groups and regions
Public interventions have achieved minimal coverage over a sustained
period, with no signs of significant improvement. There are relative out‐
performers by state under different programs, but even those achieve
low outcomes in absolute terms.
NGO programs face inherent challenges of scale and often need
stronger linkage to the labor market to improve impact.
Jobs will be identified through survey and the polls conducted for the persons to aware of the current situation as it intends them to prepare well and Accessibility for people to get the suitable job.
It would also seem
sensible to consider
a base level of
funding from the
central government
on disability social
pensions.
Social Protection Policies and programs should help improve awareness and targeting
of safety net benefits to the poor and develop innovative approaches to
extend coverage of disability insurance
.
1. Improving the safety net
2. Expanding disability insurance
Our conscious to provide the government act and policies towards the differently abled persons will be presented through the social networking in the sense of community forums to create a huge awareness.
States and/or municipal
authorities which have yet to
amend their building bye‐
laws to comply with the
1998 guidelines should be
encouraged to do so in the
nearest future. These should
allow for clear sanctions in
case of failure to comply
with accessibility standards,
and administrative clarity on
official accountability in
cases of failure to comply.
Accessibility Accessibility for people with disabilities has been increasingly
stressed in regional and international initiatives.
1. Buildings, roads, transportation and other indoor and outdoor
facilities, including schools, housing, medical facilities and
workplaces
2. Information, communications and other services, including
electronic services and emergency services.
3. To develop, promulgate and monitor the implementation of
minimum standards and guidelines for accessibility of facilities
open or provided to the public
4. To ensure that private entities that offer facilities and services
which are open or provided to the public take into account all
aspects of accessibility for persons with disabilities
5. To provide training for stakeholders on accessibility issues facing
persons with disabilities
6. To provide in buildings and other facilities open to the public
signage in Braille and in easy to read and understand forms
7. To provide forms of live assistance and intermediaries, including
guides, readers and professional sign
8. To promote other appropriate forms of assistance and support to
persons with disabilities to ensure their access to information;
9. To promote access for persons with disabilities to new information
and communications technologies and systems, including the
Internet
10. To promote the design, development, production and distribution
of accessible information and communications technologies and
systems at an early stage, so that these technologies and systems
become accessible at minimum cost.
Accessibility for the differently abled persons will be concentrated and set the guidelines which have to be executed properly for their day to day life. Furthermore we implement the better web accessibility for the on‐line presence by following W3C guidelines.
www.enabled.in is a platform that provides web presence by propagating the
activities to enable the resources by sharing the network solidarity support among the
Differently abled persons.
Furthermore we are enhancing these services which are Web TV, Magazine, Radio,
Social Networking, Mobile alerts for the people to enhance their personalities.
Contact:
Tenth Planet Technologies Pvt., Ltd.,
#807, Anna Salai(Opp LIC)
P.T.Lee Trust Building
Chennai‐600 002
Tamilnadu,
India.
E‐Mail :
THANK YOU
Submitted by
SATHASIVAM. K
PAVITHRA. K
Website Link:
http://enabled.in/
References:
World Bank Disability section http://www.worldbank.org/disability International Classification of Functioning: Disability and Health http://www3.who.int/icf/icftemplate.cfm Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons 1993–2003 http://www.unescap.org/decade/publications/z15009gl/z1500901.htm Disabled People International (DPI) and DPOs directory http://v1.dpi.org/lang‐en/locations/national
More Details: Enabled Service: http://enabled.in/ http://delicious.com/enabledservice/ http://delicious.com/ksathasivam/ http://www.worldbank.org.in/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/INDIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:21557057~menuPK:295589~pagePK:2865066~piPK:2865079~theSitePK:295584,00.html http://punarbhava.in/ http://un‐gaid.ning.com/profiles/blogs/empowerment‐of‐persons‐with
Accessibility
Adaptability
Awareness
www.enabled.in
ENABLED.IN
First Planet Technologies Pvt. Ltd.,807, Anna Salai(Opp LIC) P.T.Lee Trust Building Chennai‐600 002 Tamilnadu, India. Website : www.firstplanet.in
E‐Mail : [email protected]
Ph one : 91‐44‐42961000
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in my ability.
Enable empowerment
