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Conflict Timberbehind the civil war
in Sierra Leone
Yuta Yasuda
What is Conflict TimberA General Definition
Timber traded for purpose of financing armed conflict or to take advantage of conflict situation for profit
Timber in exchange for arms
Blood Diamond
Why Timber?Diamond → Strict restriction on exports (Kimberley process)
Timber demand is increasing
Easily exploitable, valuable
Readily marketable
Difficult to trace
In Africa“Environmental destruction is inevitable to improve economy”
Environmental destruction even puts people life in danger
People are not only victims of them but also cause of them
Environmental destruction
Broken people living
Jeopardy of life
Sierra LeoneArea: 71,740 k㎡Population: 5.6 million
Rich in resource with
Diamonds
Titanium, Iron ore
Rainforest
Forest resourceTotal Forest Area 2,726,000 ha
Percent Forest Cover 38%
Swamp
Mangrove forests
Savanna wood land
Conflict (Civil War)In 1991-2002
Between RUF and the government
About 75,000 dead
Over 2,000,000 refugees
One-third of population is displaced
Nation80% of population is living in absolute poverty
Ranked 180th out of 182 countries on the Human Development Index
About 40% of children under the age of 5 suffer from chronic malnourishment
At least 55,000 people are living with HIV and AIDS
Life expectancy : 47 years
Literacy rate : 41%
Access to safe water : 49%
Under age 5 mortality rate : 174/1000
School enrolment : 69%
The Resource CurseThe paradox that countries and regions with an abundance of natural resources tend to have less economic growth and worse development outcomes than countries with fewer natural resources
DeforestationDeforestation rates average 2.9% per year over the last quarter century
During 1990-2005, country lost 18% of forest
The Gola Forest : 60% → 5% of the total area
People there cannot enter the forest → they cannot get the necessaries of life, such as firewoods and medical herbs and etc
Jeopardy of wild life
A natural disaster often occur in those area ( flood, drought)
FactorsGovernance
Merchants
Consumers
Governance Corruption : Governments or anti-governments gives the right of logging in their own are in return to the group on their side
Forests can be owned by the state or fall within chieftain
Some lands are also held in private owner-ship with free hold right of exclusivity, use and transfer
Much of the land has been individualised in the name of lineages, families and individuals
It is easier to sell their timber or connect to governments or black markets
Merchants
Black Market
Illegal distribution network
It’s difficult to find out
Government in corruption
Conflict
Merchants
Timber Arms
Damage
DevelopedCountries
TimberDeforestation
ConsumersDeveloped countries that are importing conflict timber
They don’t know that the imported timber is involved in the conflict
ConclusionConflict timber could be oversight because of blood diamond
Timber is exchanged with arms for conflict, as a result, deforestation continues unless the conflict is over
Illegal logging is not under surveillance because of the government in corruption