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Looking Forward, Looking Back
Freedom Ride and the ‘67 Referendum
Kate Galloway
A question of perspective
Discovery Exploration Pastoralism Federation
Invasion Dispossession Genocide Protectionis
m
ANZAC Post-war boom
Counter culture
Equality?
Assimilation Welfare
Reconciliation?
Discrimination?
Law can oppress
Sovereignty [terra nullius]
Land title [Cooper v Stuart 1889]
Aboriginal Protection…Act
1897 (Qld) [protectionism]
Election Act 1885 (Qld)
[disenfranchisement]
Aboriginal and Torres Strait
Islander Affairs Act 1965 (Qld)
[assimilation]
Law affects people
Stolen land
Stolen generation
s
Stolen wages
Genocide
Australia in the 1960s
Children seen and not heard
Women in the home
Idealised Aboriginal people
White Australia
God Save the
Queen
Other visions of the ‘60s
Missions, reserves
Albert Namatjira (1902-1959)
Burning Old Mapoon
Things were changing too…
Women’s liberation
Vietnam War
Wave Hill Walk Off
Youth culture
Sexual revolutio
n
FREEDOM RIDETime for change
An emblem
‘Barred from the baths’ | Robert Campbell Jnrhttp://treatyrepublic.net/content/freedom-riders-art-and-activism-exhibition-sydney
Freedom riders – ‘front runners’
Charlie Perkins
Jim Spigelma
n
Ann Curthoys
29 students12-26 Feb 1965
Strategies
• Fact finding• Call out racism• Media – film, reporting• Education about racism• Government could not ignore
• Foundation for campaigns to eradicate racism
We weren't all front runners like Charlie, but we needed people like that…Growing up, there were no bolts and chains on the mission or in town but there was an invisible gate that you couldn't get through and I would always think 'What did we do wrong to deserve this treatment?' The fighters like Charlie Perkins, they're the ones [who] opened the doors for us.
Elaine Russell born in Tingha near Moree
‘The news coverage punctured Australian smugness, borne of ignorance, that racism did not exist in Australia.’
National Museum Australiahttp://indigenousrights.net.au/civil_rights/freedom_ride,_1965
Capturing the imagination of the city
http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/history/australian-1967-referendum
THE ‘67 REFERENDUMThe next step
Momentum building…
Decades of advocacy
The 60’s vibe
Wave Hill Walk Off
Freedom Ride
The constitutional issues
• To make laws for Aboriginal people
• S51(xxvi)No cth power
• To determine representation in federal parliament
• s127
Excluded in count
for Lawyers
1. The referendum was not about citizenship2. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander
Australians were not part of a ‘Flora and Fauna Act’…
Davis & Williams, Everything You Need to Know about the Referendum to Recognise Indigenous Australians (2015), 35
Myth
Busters
Two proposals
• The people of any race, other than the aboriginal race in any State, for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws.
Power to make laws
s51(xxvi)• Aboriginal people can be counted
to determine electorates• Census, other govt figures can
now include Aboriginal people• Re-weighted value of Aboriginal
votes
Repeal s127
Advancing the ‘yes’ case
‘A simple matter of humanity’ The Age
‘Towards equal citizenship for Aborigines’
To pass a referendum
Majority
voters
Majority
statesYES
And the winner is…
But…
Pros Cons
Success is overstated
We think we’ve ‘made it’
Misconceptions about change
Exercise existing rights
Pride
Impetus for more change
THE ROAD IS LONGLooking forward
Using the race power
Land rights
50 years after the Freedom Ride
stillStolen
generations
Still waiting for
Land rights
Still no Treaty
Still needSubstantiv
e constitutional change
Slide Image reference
5 • http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-01-30/boys-rented-out-for-abuse-at-salvos-boys-home/5227854
• http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/hindsight/tourism-poster-using-a-version-of-jimmy/2974292
• http://museumvictoria.com.au/collections/items/764101/negative-state-electricity-commission-victoria-australia-circa-1920s-1960s
• http://cub.com.au/history/1960s/• http://happyandgloriousblog.blogspot.com.au/2013/01/ro
yal-images-her-majestys-australian.html
6 • https://www.library.uq.edu.au/fryer/1967_referendum/postwar2.html
• http://www.nirs.org.au/NEWS/Burning-of-Mapoon-history-preserved-in-new-centre
• http://www.naa.gov.au/collection/fact-sheets/fs145.aspx
Slide Source
7 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Australian_Women• https://www.library.uq.edu.au/fryer/1967_referendum/labour.html• http://www.migrationheritage.nsw.gov.au/exhibition/objectsthroug
htime/1965-anti-vietnam-war-pendant/ photo David Mist
• http://rebloggy.com/post/lol-black-and-white-australia-fashion-music-vintage-the-beatles-landscape-histor/40638360894
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hair_%28musical%29
10 • http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/collections/exhibitions/freedomride/start.html Photo Wendy Watson-Ekstein
11 • http://www.abc.net.au/archives/80days/stories/2012/01/19/3414788.htm
• http://www.dailytelegraph.com.au/news/nsw/lawyers-court-out-on-polite-justice/story-e6freuzi-1225975174282 | Jon Reid, Fairfax
• http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/lifematters/ann-curthoys/2934334 |Lynne Malcolm12 • http://www.aiatsis.gov.au/collections/exhibitions/freedomride/images/map_a.jpg
Slide Source
14 http://treatyrepublic.net/content/freedom-riders-art-and-activism-exhibition-sydney
29 http://www.alc.org.au/about-nswalc/our-history.aspx | Elaine Pelot-Syron