* GB784758 (A)

Description: GB784758 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements relating to ion-exchange processes

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION. Improvements relating to Ion-Exchange Processes. We, THE PERMUTIT COMPANY LIMITED, a British Company, of Permutit House, Gunnersbury Avenue, London, W.4, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: Beds consisting of a mixture of cationexchange and anion-exchange materials in granular form can be used for the treatment of water or other liquid in order to remove substantially all the dissolved salts from the liquid. When the materials must be regenerated they are usually separated into layers, the separate layers of material then being individually regenerated and washed. The separation into layers can easily be effected by upward washing with water, provided that the two materials differ adequately from one another in specific gravity. After regeneration and before putting the bed back into service, it is necessary to mix the two materials intimately together, and this is normally done by blowing air upwards through the materials in their container, say for a period of 5 to 10 minutes. At the end of the air-mixing operation there is always an appreciable quantity of air left trapped in the bed but when the bed is put back into service this air does not cause any difficulty as it

is gradually removed by solution into the liquid passing through the plant. In many of the operations for which the treated liquid is required the Dresence of dissolved air or oxygen in the liquid is unobjectionable but it is most undesirable when the liquid is feed water for highpressure boilers, even though the feed water passes through a deaerator on its way to the boiler. The reason is that the water must first pass through a considerable amount of pipe-work and equipment that can become corroded if the water passing through it contains oxygen. If for any other reason the liquid under treatment must not be contaminated with oxygen, the airmixing operation is similarly undesirable. P,:ccording to this invention the mixing of the materials after regeneration is effected not with air but with nitrogen. In this way the risk of subsequent corrosion or other undesirable effect is removed. Preferably the nitrogen flows in a closed circuit, consisting of a vessel in which the nitrogen is maintained under pressure, a valve-controlled pipe leading from the vessel to the container of the ion-exchange materials, and a return pipe in which a fan or other device is inserted for forcing the nitrogen back to the vessel. What we claim is:- 1. A method of mixing a layer of a caiion-exchange material and a layer of an anion-exchange material in a container after they have been individually regenerated and washed which consists in blowing nitrogen upwards through the materials. 2. A process in which feed water for boilers is passed through a bed consisting of a mixture of cation-exchange and anionexchange materials in granular form, and the materials are periodically separated into layers, and individually regenerated and washed and then are remixed, characterised in that the remixing is effected by blowing nitrogen upwards through the materials. 3. A process according to Claim 1 or Claim 2 in which the nitrogen flows in a closed circuit, consisting of a vessel in which the nitrogen is maintained under pressure,

* GB784759 (A)

Description: GB784759 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to water-meters

Description of GB784759 (A)

COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to Water-Meters. We, PRESNA MECHANIKA NARODNY POD NIK, a National Corporation organised under the laws of Czechoslovakia, of Start Turn, Czechoslovakia, and KAROL SALAMON, a citizen of Czechoslovakia, of Liptovska' 4, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement : The present invention is concerned with improvements in or relating to watermeters. It is an object of the present invention to. provide an improved water-meter which is capable of measuring efficiently large quantities of water passing through it. According to the present invention there is provided a water-meter comprising an inlet leg having a straight downwardly slanting portion which leads to a trap provided with a cleansing opening, the said cleansing opening being arranged on a continuation of the axis of the downwardly slanting portion of the said inlet leg. The cleansing opening is preferably cylindrical and the point of intersection between the axis of the straight portion of the inlet leg and the axis of the said opening lies in the plane of the base of the trap. Further it is preferable that the crosssectional area intersected by a horizontal plane through the straight portion of the inlet leg is smaller than the cross sectional area of the cleansing opening. The efficiency of a water-meter constructed in accordance with the invention, may further be increased by providing a plug in the cleansing opening of which the upper surface facing the inside of the meter is concave the surface joining smoothly with the adjoining surface of the inlet leg and the base of the trap so as to guide the flow of water admitted through the inlet leg smoothly into the measuring apparatus. An embodiment of the invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawing, in which: Fig. 1 shows a longitudinal section of a water-meter having the

measuring apparatus only indicated diagrammatically, the transmission device, scales and indicators not being shown for reasons of clarity, Fig. 2 shows a section on the line II-II of the water-meter as shownin Fig. 1. Referring now to the drawings, the watermeter shown therein consists of a forged body 1 provided on the one side with an inlet leg 2, 4 and on the other side with an outlet tube 3. From the inlet connection 2 of the inlet leg a straight downwardly slanting portion 4 leads to a trap 8 under a measuring apparatus 5. At the bottom of the watermeter 1 and in direct continuation of the downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg, a cleansing opening is provided which may be closed by a plug 6. In the embodiment illustrated the axis "B" of the cleansing opening is intersected by the axis "A" of the downwardly slanting portibn of the inlet leg close to the plane of the bottom of the trap 8. This is not, however, an indispensable condition for the arrangement according to the invention, and with a convenient choice of the ratio between the diameters of the intersecting area of cross-section by a horizontal plane through the downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg and the cross sectional area of the cleansing opening, it is also possible to obtain with another position of the point of intersection, a good accessibility to the inlet leg through the cleansing opening. Portions 7 are cut away from the inside of the meter walls where the downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg 4 joins the trap 8 in order to provide an unimpeded flow path between the lower end of the downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg 4 and the cleansing opening. The diameter of the cleansing opening may be chosen so that its cross-sectional area is larger than the area of intersection of a horizontal plane through the inlet leg 4. During~ the manufacturing process the wall portion 7 connecting the downwardly slanting portion of the inlet leg 4 with the trap 8 under the measuring apparatus 5 may be formed by a single operation and the water flow may thus be guided more smoothly into the trap 8 under the measuring apparatus 5. This effect is further enhanced by a concave recess 9 provided in the plug 6 of the cleansing opening. It is a special feature of the water-meter shown in the drawings that the inlet conneo tion 2 is disposed above the outlet of the trap 8. What we claim is 1. A water-meter comprising an inlet leg having a straight downwardly slanting portion which leads to a trap provided with a cleansing opening, the said cleansing opening being arranged on a continuation of the axis of the downwardly slanting portion of the said inlet leg. 2. A water-meter according to claim 1, wherein the inlet is disposed

above the outlet of the trap. 3. A water-meter according to claim 1 =or 2 wherein the cleansing opening is provided with a plug. 4. A water-meter according to any of the preceding claims wherein the cleansing open ing is cylindrical and the point of interSection -between the axis of the straight portion of-the inlet leg and the axis of the 'said opening lies in the plane of the base of the trap. 5. A water-meter according to claims 2 to 4 wherein the surface of the efld of the plug facing the inside of the trap is. concave, the said concave surface joining smoothly with the adjoining surface of the inlet leg and the base of the trap. 6. A water-meter according to claims 2 to 5 wherein the plug extends the distance between the walls of the inlet leg. 7. A water-meter according to any of the preceding claims wherein the cross-sectional area intersected by a horizontal plane through -the- straight portion of the inlet leg is smaller than the cross sectional area of the cleansing opening 8. A water-meter according to any of the preceding claims wherein the housing of the water-meter is made by a forging operation. 9. A water-meter substantially as herein before described with reference to or as shown in the accompanying drawings.

* GB784760 (A)

Description: GB784760 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in frequency modulation radio receivers

Description of GB784760 (A)

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amongst the following family members:

DE1042670 (B) FR1129797 (A) US2812430 (A) DE1042670 (B) FR1129797 (A) US2812430 (A) less Translate this text into Tooltip

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The EPO does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of data and information originating from other authorities than the EPO; in particular, the EPO does not guarantee that they are complete, up-to-date or fit for specific purposes.

PATENT SPECIFICATION 784,760 sy) I)Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: July 28, 1955. No 21818/55. F Application made in United States of America on Aug 18, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 40 ( 5), Q 4 C( 1: 2 C). International Classification:-HO 4 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in frequency modulation radio receivers We, GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, a Company incorporated under the laws of the State of Delaware in the United States of America, of Grand Boulevard in the City of Detroit, State of Michigan, in the United States of America (Assignees of OLGIERD GIERWIATOWSKI) do hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement - This invention relates to stop-on-signal or signal-seeking frequency modulation radio receivers. According to the invention a frequency modulation radio receiver adapted to scan a predetermined frequency band and to be automatically stopped on receipt of a signal, comprises an input section with a tuner device, a frequency modulation detector section, a motor to drive the tuner, a device to release said motor to operate the tuner, and a control device connected to said detector section including a relay and a control circuit which, upon receipt of a signal is adapted to discharge a condenser to energise a winding of the relay so as to stop the tuner. The scope of the invention is indicated in the appended claims; and how it can be carried into effect is hereinafter particularly

ascertained with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: Figure 1 is an electrical circuit diagram of a preferred embodiment of the present invention; and Figure 2 is a discriminator characteristic curve. Fig 1 shows a conventional superheterodyne frequency modulation radio receiver 10 of the discriminator-detector type having an antenna 11, an R F amplifier 12, a detector-oscillator 14, I F amplifier 16, limiter 18, discriminator 20, audio frequency lPrice 3 s 6 d l amplifier 22 and loud speaker 24 The receiver also has an automatic frequency control in the form of a reactance valve section 26 connected in known manner between the discriminator output and the tank circuit of the oscillator 14, and a power supply 28. The R F amplifier 12 and detectoroscillator 14 include variable condensers 34, 36 and 38 adapted to be tuned in unison from a common shaft 40 which carries a manual tuning knob 42. The stop-on-signal control apparatus 32 of the present invention includes a multielement valve 50, a relay 52 controlled thereby, and a drive device including a spring drive motor 54 for tuning the condensers 34, 36, 38 throughout the tuning range of the receiver The valve 50 may be of the 6 AKS type, having a cathode 55, control grid 56, plate-connected screen grid 58, cathode-connected suppressor grid 60, and a plate 62 The relay 52 is of a known flux-latched type and includes a holding or flux-latching winding 66 and stopping or flux-unlatching winding 68 wound on a common core 70, a stationary contact 72, and an earthed armature 74, the latter being normally held in the position shown by the spring 76. A starter button 80 adapted momentarily to close a pair of switch contacts 82, 84 has its contact 82 connected by conductor 86 to one side of the holding coil 66 and its other contact 84 connected by conductor 88 to the rectifier side of the speaker field 90 serving as a part of a ripple filter for the power supply 28 The other side of the holding coil 66 is connected by conductor 92 to the other side of the speaker field of the power supply A bleeder resistor 94 shunting contacts 82 and 84 is connected between conductors 86 and 88 to supply a small amount of energizing current to the holding coil 66 of the relay 52 to hold the armature 74 in its flux-latched position, opposite to that shown, after the push button has been depressed to initiate signalseeking operation and then released. The signal responsive relay control valve 50 has its control grid 56 connected to receive an energizing or control signal from the output of the discriminator 20 which is connected by conductor 96, resistor 98 and conductor 100 to grid 56 and to earth through a high frequency by-pass condenser 102 Operating voltage is supplied to the plate 62 of the relay control valve 50 in a circuit from the output of the power

supply which include limiter resistor 106, unlatching winding 68, and conductor 108 Cathode is connected to earth through conductor and an adjustable biasing resistor 112. An aditional biasing or bleeder resistor 114 for applying a positive bias to the cathode is connected between B+ and the nonearthed side of resistor 112 A surge condenser 116 is connected to the junction between relay winding 68 and limiter resistor 106, and to the cathode 55 The stationary contact 72 of the relay 52 is connected by conductor 118 to the junction between a pair of resistors 120, 122 forming a voltage divider in the input circuit of the automatic frequency control reactance valve section 26 of the frequency modulation receiver. The spring drive motor 54 is connected to the manual tuning knob -or dial 42 of the receiver and to the receiver chassis, so that the spring may be tensioned by turning the dial 40 to one extreme position of rotation. Th relay armature 74 acts upon a brake drum 126 mounted on a shaft 128 coupled to the tuning shaft 40 and has a vane governor 130 thereon Means, not shown, for automatically re-cocking the spring may be employed. To operate the apparatus the starting button 80 is pressed to energize relay winding 66 causing armature 74 to be attracted to core 70 and release the brake drum 126 and close contact 72 to initiate the tuning of the receiver by the spring drive motor 54, the flux produced by the current flow through the bleeder resistor 94 supplementing the residual flux in the relay holding coil 66 to retain the armature in its latched position upon release of the starting button The control valve 50 is connected to receive a D C control signal from the discriminator output, and normally is in a slightly conductive condition in the absence of an FM signal in the discriminator output. The resistance 106 however, limits the plate current of the relay valve to so low a value that this current is insufficient to cause the opposing flux produced thereby in winding 68 to unlatch the relay armature 74. The direction of tuning movement of the condensers 34, 36 and 38 by the drive motor 54 is such that the discriminator voltage, when tuning in an FM signal, first goes negative, and then, after the negative peak is passed, goes first less negative and then positive over the linear portion of the 70 discriminator characteristic as illustrated in Fig 2 When the discriminator voltage is negative the relay valve 50 becomes nonconductive, and the condenser 116 charges from B+ through resistance 106 As the 75 discriminator voltage swings rapidly less negative or becomes more positive, the relay valve 50 becomes conductive, and the condenser 116 discharges through the coil 68

sending a pulse of current therethrough of 80 sufficient magnitude to creating an opposing flux of sufficient intensity to overcome that produced by the holding coil 66 and unlatches the relay armature 74 into the open position shown, the armature then 85 being in its brake applying position to stop the spring motor 76 and stop the receiver tuning generally on or within a fraction of a volt from zero discriminator output The cathode resistor 112 and bleeder 114 from 90 B + thereto have been found to aid stopping of the tuning somewhat closer to zero and consistently on the positive side of the discriminator characteristic, so that stopping of the tuning is always in the same direction 95 in relation to the direction of the tuning variation. Upon stopping of the tuning, the input of the reactance valve section 26 of the receiver is disconnected from earth, that is, 100 the reactance valve is connected to respond to the discriminator output and electronically to regulate the tuning of the receiver so that it will be maintained exactly at the carrier frequency of the received signal, in 105 known manner By disabling the automatic frequency control of the receiver during the tuning operation and permitting its application after stopping-on-signal, any opposing effects that the reactance tube would other 110 wise have on the receiver tuning during self tuning operation thereof are eliminated, further contributing to the high speed automatic tuning obtained with the control apparatus of the invention 115 It also will be noted that the signal-seeking operation of the receiver is completely under the control of the control apparatus and that no manual or coarse tuning of the receiver to a particular narrow tuning zone is 120 required before the stop-on-signal control can become effective.

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* GB784761 (A)

Description: GB784761 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Method of and apparatus for producing coils photographically

Description of GB784761 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICATION 7814,761 Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Aug 11, 1955. No 23208155. Application made in United States of America on Aug 18, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 98 ( 2), D( 5:12 H:13 C 3). international Classification:-GO 3 c, d. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Method of and Apparatus for Producing Coils Photographically. We, ALADDIN INDUSTRIES INCORPORATED, of 705, Murfreesboro Road, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America A Corporation organised and operating under the laws of the State of Illinois, United States of America, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:This invention relates to the production of inductance coils for use in television and radio apparatus, or the like. One principal object of the invention is to provide an improved method of making coils photographically. A further object is to provide an improved method whereby coils of complicated configuration may be reproduced with extreme accuracy and yet at low cost and with facility and speed. In accordance with the invention, a method for photographically printing inductance coils of helical form, is characterized by the steps of covering a cylindrical insulating blank with at least one conductive layer, and superimposing on said conductive layer a layer of photo-sensitive material, preparing a pattern having skewed alternate relatively opaque and relatively transparent stripe-like elements constituting a development of the ultimate coil winding, photographing said pattern to obtain a mask, directing actinic radiation through said mask on to the prepared blank, dissolving the portions of the photo-sensitive layer not exposed to said radiation and removing by etching the portions of the conductive layer revealed by the dissolving of the photo-sensitive layer. Various embodiments of the invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, of which:Figure 1 is a perspective view of an exemplary coil of a type which may be produced

by the exemplary method; Figure 2 is a greatly enlarged fragmentary cross-sectional view of a photographically sensitized coil form or blank which may be employed in carrying out the exemplary coil 50 production method; Figure 3 is a perspective view of a light table or photographic staging device which may be employed in carrying out the exemplary method; 55 Figure 4 is a partly diagrammatic plan view of a photographic transparency employed in the exemplary method; Figure 5 is an enlarged diagrammatic cross sectional view of the coil blank illustrating 60 one way of employing the transparency of Figure 4; Figure 6 is a diagrammatic elevational sectional view of a coil printing machine which may be employed to utilize the transparency 65 in another way of printing a coil. The exemplary method to be described by way of illustration of the invention is well adapted to produce conductive, metallic patterns having fine detail and a high degree 70 of complexity One example of such a pattern is shown in Figure 1, which illustrates an inductance coil 10 adapted to be employed in television and radio tuners, or the like The illustrated coil comprises an insulating form 75 11 which in this instance consists of a tube, although it might be solid rather than tubular, made of any suitable insulating material such as glass or a synthetic resin, for example A flexible rod 12 is secured to one end of the 80 tubular form 11, in order to provide a connection between the coil 10 and a movable operating member or mechanism (not shown). Mounted on the form 11 is a conductive ribbon 14 which is firmly adherent to the 85 form In this instance, the ribbon 14 is generally helical in shape but varies considerably in width between an extremely wide end portion 15 and a much narrower opposite end portion 16 The spacing between the 90 turns of the helical ribbon 14 may also vary widely In the end portion 16, the ribbon 14 is characterized by extremely fine detail It is in the reproduction of such fine detail that the merit of the exemplary method becomes most apparent. The exemplary method employs light sensitive coil blanks 18 (Fig 2) which may be prepared in various ways In producing one of these blanks 18, the tubular glass form 11 is preferably centerless ground to produce a truly cylindrical outer surface 19 It is then important that the form 11 be degreased in an alkaline cleaner and thoroughly washed A thin coating 20 of a metal such as silver is then applied to the outer surface 19 of the form by any suitable or desired process. While this might be done by sputtering spraying or applying metal powder, it is preferable to employ a chemical silvering process of the type often utilized in silvering mirrors For example, it is preferred to sensitize the tube 11 by immersing it for approximately one minute in a 0 2 per cent solution of Stannous Chloride acidified with just

enough Hydrochloric Acid to redissolve the precipitate which forms when the acid is first added to the Stannous Chloride solution After this sensitizing operation it is important to wash the tube 11 rather thoroughly to remove all traces of the Stannous Chloride, since the succeeding steps in the silvering operation are adversely affected by the presence of Stannous Chloride After it has been washed, the tube 11 is immersed in a fresh ammoniacal silver solution containing formaldehyde as a reducing agent A coating of metallic silver is deposited on the tubular form 11 while it is in this silver bath The bath is agitated constantly until the reaction in the solution is completed and then the silvered tube 11 is removed and thoroughly washed. The next step in preparing the blank 18 is to apply a coating or layer 22 of copper over the thin silver film 20 Since the film 20 is electrically conductive, the layer 22 of copper may be applied by conventional electroplating methods Usually it is sufficient to apply a copper layer which is two or three thousandths of an inch thick, but the thickness of the copper layer may be varied according to the electrical and mechanical requirements to be met by the coil After the coil form 11 has been electroplated to the desired extent, it is washed and the copper coating 22 is preferably polished. The next step in preparing the blank 18 is to apply a thin coating 24 of some highly reflective metal, such as silver, for example, over the electroplated copper layer 22 It is preferable to form the reflective coating 24 simply by immersing the copper plated form 11 in a flash coating bath which may consist of a solution containing one-half ounce of Silver Cyanide and approximately 11 5 ounces of Potassium Cyanide for each gallon of water In such a solution copper from the surface of the layer 22 goes into solution and is replaced by silver It will be understood that the reflective coating '4 may' 70 be applied by electroplating or other methods, but it is not necessary to resort to such methods, since an extremely thin film of silver will suffice to increase the reflectivity of the coil form 11 to a marked extent After 75 being removed from the flash silvering bath. the coil form 11 is washed and thoroughly dried. Next the coil form 11 is coated with a film or layer 26 of a photographically sensitive 80 etch resisting material This photo resist layer 26 may be composed of a bichromated colloid such as gelatin or albumen or any of the commercial photoresists used in photoengraving and known as cold top enamels 85 but preferably the coating 26 is composed of a photo-sensitive etch-resisting colloidal lacquer widely distributed by the Eastman Kodak Company as ' Kodak Photo Resist Lacquer " (The word " Kodak" is a 90 registered trade mark) This material is adapted to be hardened or rendered insoluble by

exposure to ultra-violet or other actinic radiation and is resistant to Ferric Chloride and dilute acid etching solutions The 95 Kodak Photo Resist Lacquer is applied by dipping the metalized coil form 11 into the lacquer and allowing the resulting lacquer coating to dry This completes the preparation of the blank 100 In order to provide for photographic printing of a pattern on the sensitized coil blank 18, a photographic transparency 28 (Fig 4) or other mask is produced as the next step in the exemplary method In accordance with the 105 invention, the mask or transparency 28 is provided with a pattern representing a geometrical development or flattening of the helical coil pattern In effect, the helical pattern is split along a longitudinal line, 110 indicated at 28 a in Figure 1 and the resulting split, generally cylindrical elements are flattened The result is a series of skewed flat bar or stripe-like elements 30 (Fig 4) representing the successive turns of the helical 115 ribbon 14 to be produced on the coil 10 The elements 30 are spaced by other skewed stripe-like elements 32 representing the faces or grooves between the turns of the metallic ribbon 14 In the exemplary method the 120 elements 30 preferably are made relatively transparent while the elements 32 are made relatively opaque. In accordance with the invention, the image elements 30 and 32 of the transparency 125 28 are made appreciably longer than the circumference of the coil blank 18 in order to provide for an overlap between the ends of the elements in the photographic printing operation This is brought out in Fig 4 and 130 784,761 strips 49 and 50 of adhesive tape It is important that the axes of the rollers 47 and 48 be truly parallel and that the transparency 28 be accurately squared with the rollers The rollers 47 and 48 are rotatably mounted by 70 means of shafts 51 and 52 journaled in a suitable supporting frame 54. To support the coil blank 18, a pair of rotatable supporting rollers 56 are mounted on a block 82 between the drive rollers 47 and 75 48 The spacing between the rollers -56 is made slightly less than the diameter of the coil blank 18 In its position of use, the coil blank is disposed in the gap between the rollers 56 but on the opposite side of the 80 transparency from the rollers. -Two pairs of pressure rollers 58 are provided to press the coil blank 18 toward the supporting rollers 56 so as to hold the transparency 28 firmly against the coil blank 85 Between the rollers 56, the transparency 28 is thereby formed into a U-shaped generally semi-cylindrical loop which passes over the rollers 56 and part way around the coil blank 18 The pressure rollers 58 are preferably 90 rubber covered and are mounted in anti-friction bearings 60 supported by a pair of carriages 61 Pivot connections 62 are provided between the carriages 61 and a pair of interconnected arms 64 formed on a

swing 95 frame 65 The swing frame 65 is biased in one direction by means of springs 67 which thereby serve to press the pressure rollers 58 against the coil blank 18 A manually operable eccentric cam 68 is arranged to be engaged 100 with an arm 69 on the swing frame 65 so as to swing the frame against the bias of the springs 67 and thereby relieve the pressure between the pressure rollers and the coil blank to permit removal and replacement of the coil 105 blank It will be understood that a weight or other yieldable -means may be employed to urge the pressure rollers 58 toward the supporting rollers 56. To maintain tension in the elongated 110 transparency 28, a free roller 72 is supported on the transparency between the supporting rollers 56 and the drive roller 48 The weight of the roller 72 takes up any slack in the elongated transparency 28 and maintains the 115 transparency in intimate contact with the coil blank 18. In order to advance the transparency at a constant, predetermined rate, a reversible electric motor 74, is connected to the drive 120 roller 47 by means of a worm drive 75 As shown in Figure 6, the other drive roller 48 and the supporting rollers 56 are preferably driven in synchronism with the roller 47 by means of a belt 76 looped around the rollers 125 47 and 48 and extending over the rollers 56. A pair of idler rollers 78 are-provided to take up any slack in the belt 76. Actinic illumination is provided in this instance by means of a tubular -lamp 80 130 5, in, which 33 a, 33 b, and 33 c represent the length of the image elements 30 and 32, the circumference of the coil blank, and the difference or overlap allowance, respectively. The photographic transparency 28 may be produced by first providing a large scale mock-up pattern or master 34 on a light table or staging device 35 (Fig 3), which comprises a frame 36 supporting a translucent screen 37 illuminated from one side by a plurality of fluorescent lamps 38, or the like For convenience and accuracy in rendition of -detail, the master 34 preferably is made several times the size of the desired transparency. The master 34 is formed by assembling a plurality of thin opaque strips 40 on the illuminated screen 37 It will be understood that the strips are formed of the proper width and shape to correspond to the grooves between the turns of the ribbon, 14 on the coil 10 The end portion 15 of the coil may be reproduced by providing a mask 41 having a cut-out 42 representing the widest portion of the ribbon 14 A pair of elongated masking strips 43 are provided to define the peripheral boundaries of the master pattern 34. In accordance with the invention, the spacing between the masking strips 43 is made sufficiently great so that the ends of the elements 30 and 32 will effectively overlap in the coil printing operation, as

already indicated. The master pattern 34 is photographed to obtain a photographic negative of a reduced size corresponding to the size of the desired transparency By conventional photographic printing, the transparency 28 is made from this negative The transparency 28 may consist of a strip of a suitable photographic film. As the next step in the exemplary method, the transparency 28 is rolled around or relative to the sensitized coil blank 18 and the latter is exposed to actinic illumination through the transparency As shown in Figure 5, the transparency 28 may simply be cut to length and rolled around the coil blank 18, in which case the ends of the transparency will overlap physically as shown at 44 The blank 18 is then exposed to actinic radiation, represented in Figure 5 by light rays 45 It will be understood that the blanks may be exposed either by arranging a source of radiation so as to expose all sides of the blank simultaneously, or by rotating the blank relative to a localized source of radiation. Alternatively and preferably, however, the coil blank 18 may be exposed through the transparency 28 by using a machine as shown in Figure 6 This machine comprises first and second drive rollers 47 and 48 for carrying and advancing the transparency 28 In its position of use, the transparency 28 extends between the rollers 47 and 48, the opposite ends of the transparency 28 being attached to the rollers, in this instance by means of 784,7,61 disposed below the supporting rollers 56 in closely spaced relation to the transparency 28. The lamp 80 may be a " black light " fluorescent tube emitting radiation in the neighborhood of 3650 Angstroms In this instance, the lamp 80 extends through apertures 81 in blocks 82 mounted on the frame 54 and is pressed upwardly toward the rollers 56 by means of a pair of springs 83. In the operation of the printing machine 46, the pressure rollers 58 are lifted by manipulating the cam 68 and the coil blank 18 is laid on the transparency 28 between the rollers 56. The pressure rollers 58 are then lowered to press the coil blank into the gap between the rollers 56 The motor 74 is then started to advance the transparency 28 so as to roll the image elements 30 around the coil blank 18. The photo resist coating 26 on the coil blank 18 is thereby exposed to the actinic radiation from the lamp 80 through the transparent image elements 30, while the remaining portions of the coating 26 are protected from exposure by the opaque elements 32 in the transparency 28 As previously intimated, the image elements 30 are made appreciably longer than the circumference of the coil blank 18, so that the areas of the photo resist coating 26 exposed by the opposite ends of the

image areas 30 will overlap This overlapping ensures that a continuous helical image area will be exposed on the coil blank without any possible unexposed discontinuities While the extent of the overlapping between the ends of the image areas 30 may vary widely, it has been found that in practice an overlap of approximately five per cent is suitable. The rate at which the transparency 28 is advanced may be varied in accordance with various factors such as sensitivity of the photo resist coating 26 In practice the provision of the reflective coating 24 between the photo resist coating 26 and the copper layer 22 reduces the required exposure time by as much as 90 per cent This striking and unexpected reduction in exposure time may be attributed to the reflection of actinic radiation by the silver coating 24. Actinic radiation has a tanning or hardening effect on the photo resist coating 26 on the coil blank 18 Thus the image areas on the coating 26 exposed to actinic radiation through the transparent elements 30 of the transparency 28 are rendered relatively insoluble to solvents which will readily dissolve the unexposed non-image areas of the coating. Accordingly, after being exposed, the coil blank 18 is developed by immersion in such a solvent, capable of dissolving or softening the unexposed non-image area While various organic solvents such as toluol and xylol, for example, might be employed to dissolve the coil blank 18, it is preferred to employ a solvent widely distributed by the Eastman Kodak Company as Kodak Photo Resist Developer " This developer is expressly compounded for use with " Kodak Photo Resist Lacquer " After the coil blank has been dissolved for a few minutes it is 70 preferably dyed in a bath which might contain any suitable dye, but preferably consists of a dye bath widely distributed by the Eastman Kodak Company as Kodak Photo Resist Dye Bath " Immersion of the 75 coil blank 18 in this bath for about thirty seconds dyes the " Kodak Photo Resist" coating 26 a black color The coil blank 18 is then flushed in a vigorous aerated stream of water, preferably at a temperature of 75 80 degrees, or warmer This has the effect of washing away the non-image areas of the coating 26 which had been softened by the " Kodak Photo Resist Developer " (As mentioned previously, the word Kodak" 85 is a registered trademark) The image areas of the coating 26 remain on the coil blank 18 in a helical pattern representing the turns of the final coil 10 Because of the use of the -dye bath, the resist image is clearly visible at 90 -this stage. In order to remove the silver film 24 and the copper coating 22 in the non-image areas of the coil blank 18, an etching solution is applied to the coil blank While various 95 etching solutions might be employed, it is preferred to immerse the coil blank in a ferric

chloride solution having a gravity of degrees Baume, the solution having been acidified by the addition of one per cent 100 hydrochloric acid To expedite the etching operation, the etching bath is preferably maintained at a temperature of about 140 degrees F and the bath is agitated by introducing an air stream into the bath The 105 etching operation will ordinarily be completed in about 8 to 10 minutes After being removed from the etching bath the coil blank 18 is thoroughly washed. The ferric chloride etching solution pene 110 trates the thin silver flash coating 24 and dissolves the underlying copper layer 22. However, a substantial portion of the silver layer 20 will ordinarily remain This silver may be oxidized and dissolved by immersing 115 the coil blank 18 in a 25 per cent solution of potassium ferricyanide and sodium thiosulfate which is a reagent commonly used to reduce the density of the silver deposit in photographic negatives Any remaining 120 stain and silver salts may be removed by dipping the coil blank 18 for a few seconds into concentrated hydrochloric acid. At this point in the method, the metallic ribbon 14 of the finished coil is completely 125 formed but is covered with the photo resist layer 26 While the resist may be left in place in some cases, it is preferable to employ an active organic solvent, such as toluol, xylol or acetone to remove the remaining resist 130 784,761 2 The method in accordance with claim l, characterized in that said stripe like elements are of a length exceeding the circumference of the coil form to provide for overlapping ends of the helical pattern being exposed on said 30 coil form. 3 The method in accordance with claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said coil form contacts said mask while exposed to actinic radiation 35 4 The method in accordance with claim 3, characterized by the step of rotating said form and advancing said mask in synchronism with the movement of said form. The method of photographically im 40 printing inductance coils of helical form on cylindrical light sensitive coil forms substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings. HERON ROGERS & CO, Agents foi Applicants, Bridge House, 181, Queen Victoria Street, London, E C 4. coating After the coil has been washed and dried, it may be checked for electrical continuity, short circuits between turns, and physieal damage A coating of a suitable insulating material, such as styrene resin, may be applied to the coil to protect it from mechanical injury.

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* GB784762 (A)

Description: GB784762 (A) ? 1957-10-16

Improvements in or relating to multi-ratio gearbox

Description of GB784762 (A)

PATENT SPECIFICA Ti ON 784,762 If Date of Application and filing Complete Specification: Sept 14, 1955. m S i a No26314/55. Application made in Germany on Sept 18, 1954. Complete Specification Published: Oct 16, 1957. Index at Acceptance:-Class 80 ( 2), D( 7 C 6:12). International Classification:-FO 6 h. COMPLETE SPECIFICATION Improvements in or relating to multi-ratio gearbox We, BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT, of Lerchenauerstrasse 76, Munchen 13, Germany, a Company organised according to the Laws of the Federal Republic of Germany, do hereby declare the invention, for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement: - This invention relates to a multi-ratio gear box such as a gear box for motor vehicles, of the kind (hereinafter referred to as " a gearbox of the kind described") having two or more forward speeds and a reverse drive, wherein a drive shaft, an intermediate shaft and a driven shaft are arranged parallel to one another in the gearbox housing, and wherein the constant mesh pairs of gearwheels associated with the individual ratios are engaged by displaceable clutch sleeves. One object of the invention is to provide an easy change gearbox of the smallest possible size.

According to the present invention a multi-ratio gearbox of the kind described is characterised in that drive is transmitted from the drive shaft 2 to the intermediate shaft 3 via a stepped double gearwheel 5 splined fast to the intermediate shaft 3, the said double gearwheel 5 forming a common input transmission for all gears The said double gearwheel 5 may be in constant mesh through one gear element with a pinion 6 splined fast to the drive shaft 2, and also through the other element with gearwheels 8 and 7 mounted free to rotate on the drive shaft 2 and driven shaft 4 respectively, said double gearwheel 5 serving according to the gear position for drive in the lowest forward gear 5, 6, 7, 10 or in reverse 6, 5, 8, 14, 15, 11, 12. According to one embodiment of the invention, torque is transmitted in reverse gear via a hollow shaft 13, rotatably carried lPrice 3 s 6 d l on the drive shaft 2 and provided at the ends with gearwheels 8, 14, the hollow shaft 13 being coupled to the driven shaft 4 via a disengageable reversing wheel 15, and via 50 a pair of gearwheels 11, 12 intended for the highest forward gear By using gearwheels for drive in reverse, which are likewise available for drive in the forward gears, so that the engaging elements for reverse gear 55 do not require any additional length in construction, seen in the direction of the gearbox shafts, a particularly compact construction is obtained. The accompanying sectional drawing 60 shows by way of example a diagrammatic representation of one form of a four-speed gearbox according to the invention. The drive shaft 2, the intermediate shaft 3 and the driven shaft 4 are arranged parallel 65 to one another in the gearbox housing 1 A stepped double gearwheel 5 is fast with one end of the intermediate shaft 3, and receives its drive from a pinion 6 arranged fast on the drive shaft 2, while simultaneously being 70 in constant mesh with two loose gearwheels namely the gearwheel 7 on the driven shaft and the gearwheel 8 on the drive shaft mounted to rotate freely on their respective shafts The four forward gears are engaged 75 in known manner by means of two displaceable clutch sleeves 9 and 10 constructed as gearwheels, and coupled by splines to the intermediate shaft 3 and the output shaft 4 respectively so as to be constrained to rotate 80 therewith but slidable thereon In this connection, a pair of constant mesh gearwheels 11 and 12 on the driven shaft or output side of the gearbox are carried on the intermediate shaft 3 and driven shaft 4 respec 85 tively the gearwheel 11 being free to rotate on the shaft 3 but adapted to be engaged by the clutch sleeve 9 whilst the gearwheel 12 is fast on the driven shaft 4 The gearwheel 8 in constant mesh with the stepped gear 90 wheel 5, and intended for reverse gear, is formed at one end of a hollow shaft 13, which is carried

concentrically and as 784,762 already stated is mounted free to rotate on the drive shaft 2, the other end of said hollow shaft 13 being provided with a gearwheel 14 situated in the sage plane as the gearwheels 11 and 12 above mentioned. A displaceably arranged reversing wheel I 5 provides reverse gear, when moved into mesh with the wheels 14 and 11 to transmit torque to the driven shaft 4 The driven shaft 4 also carries a pinion 17 mounted free to rotate thereon and adapted to be engaged by the clutch sleeve 10 and in constant mesh with the clutch sleeve 9 whilst the intermediate shaft 3 carries a pinion 18 free to rotate thereon and adapted to be engaged by the clutch sleeve 9, said pinion 18 being in constant mesh with the clutch siee e 10. ransmission in reverse gear consequently takes place from the pinion 6 and the double gearwheel 5 to the gearwheel 8, via the hollow shaft 13 to the gearwheel 14, and via the engaged reversing wheel 15 to the pair of gearwheels 11 and 12 to the drien shaft 4 In lowest forward speed the drive takes place from the pinion 6 to the double gear wheel 5 through loose pinions 7 and clutch sleeve i O in shaft 4 In second gear the drive is transmitted from pinion 6 to double gearwheel 5 through intermediate shaft 3 to clutch sleeve 9 and thence via pinion 17 and clutch sleeve 10 to driven shaft 4 In third gear thle drive is transmitted from the pinion 6 to the double gearwheel 5, shaft 3, clutch sleeve 9, to pinion 18 and thence by clutch sleeve 10 to the driven shaft 4 Top gear transmission takes place via the pinion 6 double gearwheel 5, shaft 3, sleeve 9 and gearwheels 11 and 12 to the driven shaft 4. In order to facilitate assembly of this extremely compact gearbox, the housing is provided on the driven shaft or output side with a removable cover 16 which sinmultaneously serves to carry the bearings for the ends of the shafts The various gear positions can be operated by any known mechanism, and no particular method is consequently shown in the drawing.

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