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Diplomat.is/more I’m Jay. I have chronic lymphocytic leukemia. I’m a retired submarine commander, a father, a husband, an avid woodcarver. I bike 20 miles a day. I know the Diplomat Difference. Copyright © 2015 by Diplomat Pharmacy Inc. Diplomat is a registered trademark of Diplomat Pharmacy Inc. All rights reserved. Raymond James Institutional Conference March 2016

Dsp investor deck march 2016 raymond james

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Page 1: Dsp investor deck march 2016 raymond james

Diplomat.is/more

I’m Jay.

I have chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

I’m a retired submarine commander,

a father, a husband, an avid woodcarver.

I bike 20 miles a day.

I know the Diplomat Difference.

Copyright © 2015 by Diplomat Pharmacy Inc. Diplomat is a registered

trademark of Diplomat Pharmacy Inc. All rights reserved.

Raymond James Institutional Conference

March 2016

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1

This presentation may contain “forward-looking” statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. If the risks or uncertainties ever materialize or the assumptions prove incorrect, our results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact could be deemed forward-looking, including, but not limited to, any projections of financial information; any statements about historical results that may suggest trends for our business and results of operations; any statements of the plans, strategies and objectives of management for future operations; any statements of expectation or belief regarding future events, health care developments, or specialty pharmaceutical industry market sizes, shares, trends or growth; and any statements of assumptions underlying any of the foregoing.

Any forward-looking statements contained in this presentation are based on management's good-faith belief and reasonable judgment based on current information, and these statements are qualified by important factors, many of which are beyond our control, that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those in the forward-looking statements, including changes in global, regional or local economic, business, competitive, market, regulatory and other factors, many of which are beyond our control, including but not limited to the following risks related to our business: our ability to adapt to changes or trends within the specialty pharmacy industry; significant and increasing pricing pressure from third-party payors, our relationships with key pharmaceutical manufacturers; our limited history with integrating acquisitions; and the effects of competition. These and other risks and uncertainties associated with our business are described in the prospectus for our proposed follow-on offering, including under the heading “Risk Factors.” We assume no obligation and do not intend to update these forward-looking statements.

In addition to U.S. GAAP financials, this presentation includes certain non-GAAP financial measures. These historical and forward-looking non-GAAP measures are in addition to, not a substitute for or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. A reconciliation between GAAP and non-GAAP measures is included in the appendix to this presentation.

Diplomat is a registered trademark of Diplomat Pharmacy, Inc. This presentation also contains additional trademarks and service marks of ours and of other companies. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, these other companies.

Important note

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Investment Highlights

• Specialty Pharmacy industry is a high growth market • Drug development pipeline remains robust• Limited distribution growing in importance

• Diplomat is unique within the specialty pharmacy industry• Taking market share as the largest independent specialty

pharmacy• Access to broad range of limited distribution drugs

• Strong financial performance• Five-year revenue CAGR of 42% & EBITDA CAGR of 65%• Diversified revenue and profitability streams• Modest balance sheet leverage – ample dry powder

• Experienced senior management team • CEO founded Diplomat 40+ years ago• Leadership team has broad ranging experience across the industry

2

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$27 $58$167

$271 $377

$578

$772

$1,127

$1,515

$2,215

$3,367

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016E

3

Diplomat at a glance

Founded: 1975; Headquarters: Flint, MI

Employees: ~1,700

2016E revenue: ~$4.45 billion

Diversified base of marquee partners

Corporate Overview

CVS Health/Omnicare

33%

Express Scripts25%

Walgreens10%

3%

OptumRx/Catamaran

8%

Avella 1%

Others20%

2015 Market share ($98 billion total market size) (1)

Exceptional above market revenue growth

Scaled business: National footprint

($ in millions)

Source:(1) 2015 – 2016 Economic Report on Retail, Mail and Specialty Pharmacies, Drug Channel

Institute (2) Based on mid-point of management’s estimate range for FY 2016

(2)

Pharmacy Locations

Arizona

California

Connecticut

Florida

Illinois

Iowa

Maryland

Massachusetts

Michigan

Minnesota

North Carolina

Ohio

Pennsylvania

$4,450

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4

Diversified revenue and profit streams

Complementary Opportunities Minimize Payer/PBM Risk, AND Mitigate risk of Inflation abatement

Other Services Retail Specialty Network

Hospital Specialty Network

HUB (Envoy Health)

340(b)

PAP

All services enhance DPLO’s

relevance in healthcare

Specialty Infusion Subset of specialty pharmacy

Many similar characteristics

(chronic, high cost, etc.)

Few differentiators (nursing

component, more medical billing)

Higher margin business

Unique/separate payer networks

Payer-driven site of care transition

opportunities

Core Specialty Pharmacy(orals and self-injectables)

Oncology dominance

Limited distribution expertise

Outpacing industry revenue growth

organically

Mix shift driving revenue and profit growth

Price inflation a very small component of

revenue

Serving open, preferred, narrow, and

exclusive payer networks

Pharmaceutical Manufacturer Services

Discounts, rebates, performance, services, data fees

High margin

Not dependent on payers or price inflation

Making progress, but significant upside opportunity remains

Revenue Source:

Payers

Revenue Source:

Pharma & Others

Financial Impact:

Higher Revenue,

Lower Margin

Financial Impact:

Lower Revenue,

Higher Margin

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Diplomat controls the journey of a specialty patient

5

Patient

Physician

Payor

Patient

Patient visits physician

Payor approves script

Diplomat monitors adherence and collects data for manufacturers

Diplomat dispenses drug

Diplomat provides:

Benefit verification

Prior authorization

Clinical intervention

Physician writes script

Patient receives

drugs

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6

Specialty spend under pharmacy benefit to grow ~5x(1)

Specialty pharmacy industry continues to show exceptional growth

Specialty share of spend growing dramatically(1)

Specialty continues to dominate top 10 drug spend(1)

Source:(1) The 2016 Economic Report on Retail, Mail, and Specialty Pharmacies – January 2016

7 out of top 10 9 out of top 10

2014A 2020E

85%

15%27%

73%

44%56%

Diplomat 2%

$41 million $212 billion

2010A 2020E

Traditional

2010A 2015E 2020E

Specialty

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Limited distribution a central and growing theme in specialty

7

Benefits to DiplomatBenefits to biotech / pharma

Completely eliminate or reduce reliance on wholesaler

Real-time clinical data

Commercialization assistance

Improves appropriate utilization

Barrier to entry Deeper, and earlier, partnerships with

pharma / biotech Increased value proposition to payors Market share opportunity

Portfolio of ~100 limited distribution drugs, comprising approximately 45% of revenue in 2015, and well positioned for disproportionate growth from

future drug approvals

Recent unique limited panels…Diplomat exclusive or semi-exclusive

What is limited distribution?

Targeted channel strategy

Provides certain specialty pharmacies with exclusive or preferred dispensing rights to certain drugs

Fast-growing trend

(2013) (2015)(2012) (2014)

Traditional:

Limited:

Manufacturer Multiple Wholesalers 65,000 Pharmacies Patient

Manufacturer One/few pharmacies Patient

DPLO EXCLUSIVE DPLO LARGEST OF 4 DPLO LARGEST OF 4 DPLO EXCLUSIVEDPLO LARGEST OF 3

(2015)

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8

Unique competitive position

LARGE PBM / RETAILPHARMACY

SMALLER SPECIALTYPHARMACIES

Diversification distracts from specialty pharmacy

Less flexible / less nimble

Limited scale

Most focused on one or a few disease states

Fragmented market

Consolidation opportunity for Diplomat

Singularly focused on specialty

High-touch model

Flexible and nimble

Entrepreneurial culture

National reach

Scalable infrastructure

Acquired

Feb 2016

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9

Base business continues to gain momentum

Specialty pharmacy market grew ~25% in 2015

3,000+ oncology and immunology drugs in global drug development

Increased prevalence of limited distribution panels

Biosimilars launching in U.S.

2015 record year for drug approvals

Improving trends across specialty pharmacy…

…driving key milestones and achievements at Diplomat

Diplomat grew revenues by 52% from 2014 to 2015

Recent new drug contracts

The majority of which are limited distribution drugs

Oncology

Hepatitis C

Cystic Fibrosis

Other

• 51 total approvals:

- 45 NMEs and 6 biologics

• 21 of 45 NMEs were Orphan designation

• 16 of 45 NMEs were “First in Class”

• 69% of all approvals were specialty

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Accomplishments since the IPO

10

o Announced

access to ~20 LD

drugs

o Continued

oncology

dominance

o Growing theme of

excluding large

PBM-owned SPs

o Added key

industry

veterans; direct,

and via acquired

entities’

management

teams

o Added four

independent

board members;

now majority

independent

board

o Accelerated

higher margin

business

o Grew revenue by

~122%1

o Increased

EBITDA by

nearly 400%2

o Created a

nationwide

specialty infusion

platform with 3

strategic

acquisitions

o Broadened Hep-C

and technology

offerings through

Burman’s

acquisition

Expanded Access to

Limited Distribution

Drugs

Strengthened Leadership

Team

Delivered Strong Financial

Performance

Completed Strategic

Acquisitions

(1) 2015 $3,367 vs. 2013 $1,515(2) 2015 $95 versus 2013 $19

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Acquisitions create incremental revenue opportunities

Recent acquisitions of Burman’s Specialty Pharmacy and BioRX have created significant revenue synergies

BioRXAcquired by Diplomat on April 1, 2015

Burman’s Specialty PharmacyAcquired by Diplomat on June 19, 2015

• Strengthens Diplomat’s relationships with

Neurologists

• Provides BioRX sales force a broader portfolio

of drugs including Multiple Sclerosis services

• Cross selling infusion services to existing

managed market clients

Synergies

• Roll out software technology across our national

platform to drive patient adherence and

physician transparency

• Increased access to Gastroenterology thought

leaders

• Provides Burman’s sales force Diplomat’s full

therapeutic mix (incl. Crohn’s disease)

Synergies

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Future M&A criteria

When considering acquisitions, we look for targets that will potentially benefit Diplomat in one or more of the following ways:

Expand into new therapeutic areas and/or geographic regions

Enhance clinical capabilities to improve competitive advantage

Access to Limited Distribution drugs

Accelerate our higher margin business opportunities

Bring new services and technologies under our umbrella

Makes DPLO better, not just bigger

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13

Outstanding financial profile

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Traditional Drug Specialty Drug A Specialty Drug B Specialty Drug C Specialty Drug B

(10% price incr.)

Revenue $100 $3,700 $10,000 $27,000 $11,000

Gross Profit ($) $10 $185 $400 $810 $440

Gross Margin (%) 10% 5% 4% 3% 4%

14

RevenuePayors

Distributors / pharmaceutical manufacturers

Patient

DiplomatCOGS

Physical drug movement

$ flows

How we make money and grow profitability(Illustrative example)

How we make money

Drug mix and positive pricing trends are tremendous profit tailwinds for Diplomat

Inflation Impact

Diplomat mix shift movement over time

Our core focus

$312

Diplomat’s 4Q’15 Average

(AWP – Y%)(WAC – X%)

Note AWP = WAC x 1.20

(1)

(1)

Example:

AWP $11,905 - 16% = $10,000 Revenue

WAC $9,921 - 3% = $9,600 COGS

$400 Gross Profit

4% Gross Margin

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$187

$312

4Q14A 4Q15A

$10.5

$28.1

4Q14A 4Q15A

$612

$987

4Q14A 4Q15A

15

Recent quarterly highlights

(1) Based on dispensed scripts only.(2) Gross profit / net sales (i.e., based on dispensed and serviced scripts).

Revenue

EBITDAmargin

1.7%

Adjusted EBITDAGross Profit /Script($ in millions) ($ in millions)

2.8%7.8%6.7%

(1)

Grossmargin

(2)

110 bps expansion 110 bps expansion

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$8

$15$11

$19

$35

96% (28%) 75% 85% 170%

1.3% 2.0% 1.0% 1.3% 2.8%

2010A 2011A 2012A 2013A 2014A 2015A

16

Strong long-term financial performance…

Adjusted EBITDA2010 – 2015

Total Revenue2010 – 2015

% margin

% growth

($ in millions)

$578$772

$1,127$1,515

$2,215

34% 46% 34% 46% 52%

2010A 2011A 2012A 2013A 2014A 2015A

% growth

($ in millions)

Pre-IPO infrastructure investments

Volume, price and mix all driving superior revenue growth

Natural operating leverage and acquisitions driving EBITDA growth and margin expansion

53%

27%

Note: Historical financials are not pro forma for any acquisitions.

1.6%

$3,367

$95

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17

… with continued growth in profitability

Gross Profit / Script (1)

2010 – 2015

Note: Financials are not pro forma for BioRx acquisition.(1) Based on dispensed scripts only.(2) Gross profit / net sales (i.e., based on dispensed and serviced scripts).

$71

$93 $97$116

$167

2010A 2011A 2012A 2013A 2014A 2015A

% growth 12% 20%31% 4%

% margin 7.1% 5.9%7.3% 6.2%

Several factors drive growth in our Gross Profit / Script(1):

Continued mix shift towards higher price, higher profit drugs (including acquisitions)

Favorable pricing trends

(2)

Gross margin expansion opportunities:

Recent acquisitions with higher gross margins (%)

Pharma $$ opportunities

Specialty generics and biosimilars (longer term)

44%

6.3%

68%

7.8%

$280

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Components of Quarterly Revenue Growth($ in millions)

$-

$200

$400

$600

$800

$1,000

$1,200

Q4 2014 Q1 2015 Q2 2015 Q3 2015 Q4 2015

Prior Year Revenue YOY Growth from Existing Drugs (excluding price inflation) New Drugs (< 12 months) Misc (< 1%) Impact of Price Inflation Acquired Revenue

$808

$625$612

67%75%67%

1%

7%

16%

11%

9%3%

7%

5%8%

13%

4%5%

34% YOYGrowth

(29% organic)

49% YOYGrowth

(41% organic)

$947

63%

2%

13%

5%

17%

62%

10%

6%

6%

16%

$987

$808

$625$612

67%75%67%

1%

7%

16%

11%

9%3%

7%

5%8%

13%

4%5%

$947

63%

2%

13%

5%

17%

62%

10%

6%

6%

16%

$98749% YOYGrowth

(29% organic)

59% YOYGrowth

(31% organic)

61% YOYGrowth

(35% organic)

Quart

erly

Reve

nue

• Price inflation has comprised only 5-

8% of revenue over the last 5

quarters

Political pressure on price

inflation, if successful, will

have limited impact on

Diplomat

Value added services to

pharma manufacturers are an

opportunity to offset

• Chronic disease expertise provides

a stable and growing annuity-like

revenue base

Limited distribution

leadership and rich drug

pipeline driving considerable

revenue growth from new

drugs

• Diplomat remains an organic growth

story

Strategic M&A has

complemented growth

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19

Annual Revenue by Drug Year Launch

$-

$500

$1,000

$1,500

$2,000

$2,500

$3,000

$3,500

$4,000

2013 2014 2015

2015

2014

2013

2012

2011

2006 - 2010

2001 - 2005

1996 - 2000

1995 and Prior

$1.5B

$2.2B

$3.3B

5%

21%

2%

18%

3%

16%

95%$1.4B

77%$1.7B

63%$2.1B

• Drugs across all launch years

continue to grow substantially

over time

2012 and prior drugs have

grown ~50% from 2013

to 2015

• 2015 a record year for FDA

approval of specialty drugs, yet

2015 launch drugs contributed

less than 3% of 2015 revenue

Will ramp up dramatically

in 2016 and beyond

• Pipeline remains an important

element of near-term and long-

term growth; existing drugs will

also contribute meaningfully

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20

Balance Sheet / Cash Flow snapshot

($ in millions)

(1) Includes $12mm in cash-based contingent consideration

(2) Includes $6mm in cash-based contingent consideration

December 31,

2014 2015

Cash $18 $28

Total Debt $12(1)

$123 (2)

Shareholders’ equity $169 $516

Net Debt/ProForma EBITDA -- ~.8x

Cash Flow From Operations (year ended) ($10) $29

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2016 Guidance

21

2015 Results 2016 Guidance

Implied

Midpoint

Growth

Revenue $3,367m $4.3b - $4.6b +32%

Adjusted

EBITDA$95.0m $116m - $123m +26%

Adjusted EPS $0.75 $0.84 - $0.89 +15%

• 2016 guidance does not assume any incremental acquisitions

• 2016 assumes 67,500,000 shares outstanding throughout the year

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2015 Normalized Income Statement

22

Reported Normalized (1) Reported Normalized (1) Reported Normalized (1) Reported Normalized (1) Reported Normalized (1)

Revenue 624,883$ 808,011$ 946,913$ 986,824$ 3,366,631$

624,883$ 808,011$ 946,913$ 986,824$ 3,366,631$

Gross Profit 41,142$ 69,669$ 75,763$ 76,665$ 263,239$

41,142$ 69,669$ 72,763$ 76,665$ 260,239$

Gross Margin 6.6% 8.6% 8.0% 7.8% 7.8%

6.6% 8.6% 7.7% 7.8% 7.7%

Adj EBITDA 11,157$ 22,738$ 33,018$ 28,098$ 95,010$

11,157$ 25,738$ 27,018$ 28,098$ 92,010$

Adj EBITDA Margin 1.8% 2.8% 3.5% 2.8% 2.8%

1.8% 3.2% 2.9% 2.8% 2.7%

Q1 2015 Q2 2015 Q3 2015 Q4 2015 FY 2015

Steady Incremental Growth in Adjusted

EBITDA

(1) Normalized

2015

Guidance

2016

Implied Mid-

Point Growth

Revenue 3,366,631$ $4.3b - $4.6b +32%

Adj EBITDA 92,010$ $116m - $123m +30%

Adj EBITDA Margin 2.7% 2.7% Flat %

Adjusted EPS 0.73$ $0.84 - $0.89

Adjusted EPS w/2015 Avg Shares $0.95 +30%

(2)

(2) At mid-point of Revenue and Adjusted EBITDA

(3) Using 63.5 2015 shares, instead of 67.5 2016 expected shares

(3)

(1) "Normalized

Adjustments : Q2 2015 Q3 2015 FY 2015

Pharma Incentive (3,000)$ (3,000)$

Bad Debt 3,000$ (3,000)$ -$

Total EBITDA Impact 3,000$ (6,000)$ (3,000)$

Margins impacted slightly by the mix of higher priced

drugs and slowing growth of pharma dollars

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23

Appendix

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24

Revenue by Therapeutic Class

($ in millions)

2015

% of

Total 2014 2013

Oncology 1,432,091$ 43% 1,068,751$ 736,987$

Hepatitis 520,771 15% <10% <10%

Immunology 510,708 15% 438,145 378,685

Infusion 374,884 11% <10% <10%

Multiple Sclerosis <10% N/A 226,805 169,470

Other (none greater than 10% in the period) 528,177 16% 481,255 229,997

3,366,631$ 2,214,956$ 1,515,139$

Limited distribution drug % of total 45% 44% 40%

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Recent Acquisitions

25

Acquired Company Consideration Rationale Other

June 19, 2015

• $87M gross purchase price*

• $77M cash*, $10M stock

• ~4.2x CY 2014 EBITDA

• Hep C dominance in Mid Atlantic

• Hep C is a fast growing and highly profitable disease state

• Proprietary technology (HealthTrac) with applicability across Diplomat’s

Hep C platform

• Proven management team

• 50 year old company, run by 2nd generation pharmacist

• No marketed sales process – Diplomat had a one-off look

• Lack of

auction/marketed

process

• Founder/owner led

• Management all on

board at DPLO

April 1, 2015

• $272M adjusted purchase price*

(~$50M tax benefit)

• $217M cash*, $105M stock

• ~11.8x CY 2014 EBITDA

• One year earnout of 1.35M shares

(all stock)

• Adds significant scale to specialty infusion business

• Provides ability to compete for national contracts

• Increases exposure to higher margin businesses

• Addition of new disease states, therapeutic categories & 5 new LD’s

• Lack of

auction/marketed

process

• Founder/owner led

• Management all on

board at DPLO

June 27, 2014

• $68.5 million gross purchase price*

• $52M cash upfront, $12M stock

• ~8x CY 2013 EBITDA

• Two year earnout max. $11.5M (all

cash)

• Strong management team

• Strong therapy mix: IVIG and Hemophilia

• Favorable geographic footprint

• Lack of

auction/marketed

process

• Founder/owner led

• Management all on

board at DPLO

December 16, 2013

• $13.4 million gross purchase price*

• $12M cash upfront

• ~6x CY 2013 EBITDA

• Two year earnout max. $2M (all

cash)

• First DPLO acquisition

• More than doubled hemophilia/specialty infusion business

• High margins

• Lack of

auction/marketed

process

• Management all on

board at DPLO

* Value includes closing working capital adjustments

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Calendar year ending December 31,

($ in millions) 4Q'15A 4Q'14A 2015A 2014A 2013A 2012A 2011A 2010A

Net income (loss) attributable to Diplomat $3.6 ($3.1) $25.8 $4.8 ($26.1) ($2.6) $9.2 ($7.8)

Depreciation & Amortization $10.0 $2.8 $30.8 $8.1 $3.9 $3.8 $3.1 $2.2

Interest Expense $1.5 $0.9 $5.2 $2.5 $2.0 $1.1 $0.6 $0.5

Income tax expense $2.3 ($2.3) $16.2 $4.7 - - - -

EBITDA $17.3 ($1.8) $78.1 $20.1 ($20.2) $2.3 $12.8 ($5.2)

Share-based compensations expense $1.4 $1.0 $4.0 $2.9 $0.9 $0.9 $1.4 $0.8

Change in fair value of redeemable common shares ($1.2) ($9.1) $34.3 $6.6 $10.7

Termination of existing stock redemption agreement $4.8

Employer payroll taxes - option repurchases $0.1 - $1.6

Restructuring and impairment charges - - $0.2 - $1.0 $0.4 $0.4 $1.5

Equity loss of non-consolidated entity - $5.1 $6.2 $1.1 $0.3 $0.1 -

Severance and related fees $0.1 - $0.5 $0.4 $0.2 $0.4 $0.7 -

Merger and acquisition related expenses $8.8 $5.5 $9.2 $7.2 $0.7 - - -

Private company expenses - - $0.2 $0.2

Tax credits and other - $1.4 $1.0 - ($0.1) ($0.6) -

Other items $0.4 $0.4 $1.5 $1.4 $0.7 $0.1 $0.2 ($0.0)

Adjusted EBITDA $28.1 $10.5 $95.0 $35.2 $19.0 $10.9 $15.1 $7.7

Reconciliation of Net income (loss) and Adjusted EBITDA

26

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

Note: Financials are not pro forma for acquisitions.Detailed footnotes on the following page.

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Reconciliation of Net income (loss) and Adjusted EBITDA

27

1) Share-based compensation expense relates to director and employee share-based awards.

(2) Restructuring and impairment charges reflect decreases in the fair market value of non-core property and assets, or actual losses on disposal of such assets. 2013 charges primarily relate to the $932 write-down of our former Swartz Creek, Michigan headquarters facility to its fair value, after we vacated it in favor of our present Flint, Michigan facility. 2012 charges primarily relate to our write-down of an externally purchased software package we no longer utilize, as well as sales of Company-owned vehicles. 2011 charges include expense associated with the closure of our former Cleveland, Ohio facility, the move of our Chicago, Illinois area facility, and sales of Company-owned vehicles.

(3) During the fourth quarter of 2014, we reassessed the recoverability of our investment in our non-consolidated entity, Ageology. Based upon this assessment, we determined that a full impairment of $4,869 was warranted, primarily due to updated projections of continuing losses into the foreseeable future. The remaining amounts in 2014, 2013 and 2012 represents our share of losses recognized by Ageology, using the equity method of accounting. We first invested in Ageology, an anti-aging physician network dedicated to nutrition, fitness and hormones, in October 2011, in connection with its formation.

(4) Employee severance and related fees primarily relates to severance for former management.

(5) Fees and expenses directly related to merger and acquisition activities, and the impact of changes in the fair value of related contingent consideration liabilities.

(6) Primarily includes philanthropic activities performed at the direction of our majority shareholder.

(7) Represents (a) various tax credits received from the state of Michigan for facility improvement and employee hiring initiatives, (b) the one-time costs associated with converting from an S-Corporation to a C-Corporation, and (c) a 2014 charge of $1,825 related to non-income tax obligations.

(8) Includes other expenses, predominantly option redemption payroll taxes and IT operating leases. Operating leases were initiated, in lieu of purchases or capital leases for a subset of our IT spend, for a short period of time in 2013 and 2014 for liquidity purposes. We have since discontinued the practice of leasing IT equipment. The cost of purchased IT equipment is reflected in depreciation and amortization.