PRESENTATION ON

Antibiotics & its Resistance

Presented by:Mr. Piyush YadavAsstt. Professor

Prasad Institute of Technology

Department of Pharmacy Jaunpur

What is Antibiotics ?

Classification of Antibiotics

Use of Antibiotics

Misuse of Antibiotics

Antibiotic Resistances and Cross Resistances

Antibiotics side effects

Mistreatment of Doctors

Unconsciousness of Patients

What is the Rules of Pharmacist

My Opinions

Key points :

Antibiotics :

Substance (such as penicillin) that destroys or inhibits the growth of other pathogenic microorganisms and is used in the treatment of external or internal infections.

While some antibiotics are produced by microorganisms, most are now manufactured synthetically

Classification of antibiotics : Antibiotics are classified several ways. On the basis of mechanism of action On the basis of spectrum of activity On the basis of mode of action

On the basis of mechanism of action:

Cell Wall Synthesis inhibitors: Penicillins

CephalosporinsVancomycinBeta-lactamase InhibitorsPolymycinBacitracin

Protein Synthesis Inhibitors Inhibit 30s Subunit

Aminoglycosides (gentamycin)TetracyclinesInhibit 50s SubunitMacrolidesChloramphenicolClindamycin

Streptogramins

DNA Synthesis Inhibitors Fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin)

Metronidazole

RNA synthesis Inhibitors Rifampin

Mycolic Acid synthesis inhibitors

Isoniazid

Folic Acid synthesis inhibitors Sulfonamides

Trimethoprim

On the basis of mechanism of action:

On the basis of spectrum activity : Broad spectrum antibiotics :

Amoxicillin Tetracycline CephalosporinChloramphenicol Erythromycin

Short spectrum antibiotics:Penicillin –GCloxacillin Vancomycin Bacitracin Fluxacillin

On the basis of mode of action: Bacteriostatic antibiotics

TetracyclineChloramphenicol Erythromycin Lincomycin

Bacteriocidal antibiotics CephalosporinPenicillin ErythromycinAminoglycosides Cotrimoxazole

Antibiotics indications: Pneumonia Sepsis Meningitis Osteomyelitis Urinogenital Infections Gall Infections Quinsy Skin Infections Mucous Membrane

Infections Scarlet Fever

Diphtheria Gynecologic Infections Syphilis Respiratory Infections ENT Infections Fungous Infections

Misuse of antibiotics : Antibiotic misuse, sometimes called

antibiotic abuse or antibiotic overuse. The misuse or overuse of antibiotics,

may produce serious effects on health. It is a contributing factor to the creation

of multidrug-resistant bacteria, informally called "super bugs" relatively harmless bacteria can develop resistance to multiple antibiotics and cause life-threatening infections.

Antibiotics resistance If the concentration of drug requires

to inhibit or kill the microorganism is greater than normal use then the microorganism is considered to be resistant to the drug.

OR The ability of a microorganism to produce a

protein that disables an antibiotic or prevents transport of the antibiotic into the cell.    

Cross-resistance Cross-resistance to a particular

antibiotic that often results in resistance to other antibiotics, usually from a similar chemical class, to which the bacteria may not have been exposed.

Cross-resistance can occur, for example, to both colistin and polymyxin B or to both clindamycin and lincomycin.

Mistreatment of Doctor

Inappropriate prescription : In an analysis of prescribing practices in

teaching hospitals worldwide, more than 40 % of all antimicrobials prescribed were considered

inappropriate. Antibiotic resistance comes mainly because of

inappropriate or improper use of antibiotics by physicians.   Some 150 million prescriptions are written annually in the USA   And   Of those, 50 million are absolutely unnecessary or inappropriate”.

Doctor’s are bound to prescribe the antibiotics

Free sample

Mr: Don’t forget to take one of our antibiotics free sample before you leave the hospital

You get a fever. You have diarrhoea. You catch a cold. Take a

couple of antibiotics (Amoxicillin ,Azithromycin)

You should avoid it ,don’t take antibiotics without prescription.

But many doctors/quacks prescribed antibiotics in viral diseases without test. Viral illness needs time to heal, antibiotic can not help to cure this illness.

Antibiotics side effects:The most common side effects of antibiotics :

DiarrhoeaBloating and indigestion Abdominal pain Loss of appetite Being sick Feeling sick Itchy skin rashCoughinglife-threatening allergic reaction

Unconsciousness of Patient•Without proper direction the patient take the drug.

•They do not maintain the dosage intervals and complete the dose.

•Patient stop the drug when feel better.

What Is The Rules Of Pharmacist The pharmacist should review the previous diseases

history of the patient

Hypersensitivity reaction of Drug

Drug-drug interaction

Exact dose and frequency of the drug When the drug should be taken before or after meal

Suggest not to stop the antibiotics without complete the course even feel better

My Opinion The doctor must be concern about the disease whether

it viral or bacterial. They should not prescribed the drug without test or

over sure . The pharmacist should also more conscious about the

dose ,drug interaction, resistant and hypersensitivity of the drug .

The patient should strictly maintain the suggestion of the pharmacist.

Thank you