Post-Conflict Reconciliation and Reconstruction in Africa

Uganda, Rwanda & South AfricaACC-IAC Faculty Development Trip

June 8-31, 2007

Objectives Participants The Journey Country Summaries,

Highlights & Opportunities◦ Uganda◦ Rwanda◦ South Africa

Contrasts Future Prospects

Presentation Outline

Kigali @ NightRwanda

Study conflict resolution and post-conflict reconciliation and reconstruction is the selected countries

Explore potential partnership opportunities with institutions◦ Research◦ Teaching◦ service-learning◦ community-outreach

Explore ways to capitalize on the experience by developing new programs or courses, or revamping existing ones to incorporate the knowledge gained during the trip.

Objectives

Genocide Memorial Museum GardenKigali, Rwanda

◦ Selection Process Applications received

from 10 of 11 ACC Institutions

Total of ?? Applications received

Criteria Diversity of interests

(scholarship, discipline, gender)

Previous experience in Arica

Desired objectives

Participants

Robin Kirk◦ Duke University◦ Human Rights

Bernice L. Hausman◦ Virginia Tech University◦ English/Women’s Studies

Karen K. Miller◦ Boston College◦ History

Barbara S. Anderson◦ University of North Carolina◦ African Studies

Zeynep Taydas◦ Clemson University◦ Political Science

The Women

Billy R. Close◦ Florida State University◦ Criminology

William J. Long◦ Georgia Tech University◦ Political Science

James Beshara◦ Wake Forest University◦ Senior Economics Major

Angel David Nieves◦ University of Maryland◦ Historic Preservation

Craig C. Brookins◦ Co-Director◦ North Carolina State University◦ Psychology & Africana Studies

Richard Grant◦ University of Miami◦ Geography

Sylvain H. Boko◦ Co-Director◦ Wake Forest University◦ Economics

The Men

NC State UniversityRaleigh, NC

Review of Program Objectives

Orientation to Travel

Orientation to Countries

Pre-Trip Orientation

Trip ItineraryFriday, June 8(Raleigh, NC)

Saturday, June 9(Raleigh, NC)

Sunday, June 10

(Raleigh, NC)

Monday, June 11(Uganda)

Tuesday, June 12(Uganda)

Wed. June 13(Uganda)

Thursday, June 14(Uganda)

Friday, June 15 (Uganda)

Saturday, June 16(Uganda)

Sunday, June 17

(Rwanda)

Monday, June 18(Rwanda)

Tuesday, June 19(Rwanda)

Wed. June 20(Rwanda)

Thursday, June 21(Rwanda)

Friday, June 22(South Africa)

Saturday, June 23(South Africa)

Sunday, June 24

(South Africa)

Monday, June 25(South Africa)

Tuesday, June 26(South Africa)

Wed. June 27(South Africa)

Thursday, June 28(South Africa)

Friday, June 29(South Africa)

Uganda Rwanda South Africa

Population 28,195,754 8,648,248 44,187,637

Ethnic Groups

Ganda = 18%Nyankole =

10%Other = 72%

Hutu = 85%Tutsi = 14%Twa = 1%

Black/Africans=77%White = 11%Colored = 9%

Square Miles 93,065 sq mi 10,169 sq mi 470,693 sq mi

Date of Independence

1962 1962 1994

History of Conflict

1971-19791980-1986

1990 to Present

1962 – 1994(numerous large and

small scale)

Genocide=1994

Apartheid 1948-1994

(“350 Years!”)

Official Truth and/or Reconciliation Process?

??????? Yes Yes

Country Comparisons

Makerere University Institute of Social Research

The Aids Service Organization, an aids clinic and advocacy group in Kampala

Ministry of Reconstruction and Development for Northern Uganda

Tombs of Buganda Kings at Kasubi

Jinja, Source of the White Nile

Uganda

Lucy Hoving, Refugee Law Project Moses Okello, Refugee Law Project Veronica Bichetero, Uganda Human

Rights Commission Martin Wandera, former member of

parliament, and our very capable host in Uganda

James Odong, director of peace and reconciliation at World Vision, who was an abducted child soldier himself and spoke about post traumatic stress.

Lam Oryem Cosmas, Executive Secretary, Justice and Peace Council (JPC), Ecclesiastical Province of Gulu (Northern Uganda)

Arthur Bainomugisha, head of Research and Peace and Conflict Program, Advocates Coalition for Development and Environment

Dr. Edith Natukunda, who spoke on HIV/AIDS

Highlights -People

The AIDS Support Organization (TASO)

Minister of Reconstruction for Northern Uganda

Challenges◦ Ongoing “War” in North with

“Lords Resistance Army” Opportunities

◦ Linkages with Makerere University◦ Student-faculty exchange, study

abroad◦ Institute for Social Research

Research◦ Impact of Psychosocial Trauma

(i.e., post-traumatic stress) on conflict survivors (e.g., child soldiers)

◦ Impact of resettlement efforts and other interventions

◦ Building a sustainable peace process

◦ Community-based surveys of key social and development issues

Challenges & Opportunities – Uganda

City of Kigali Gasabo District Villages

(outside Kigali) Travaux d'Interêts

Générales (TIG) Camp Government Ministries AVEGA AGAHOZO –

Association of Genocide Widows

Non-Governmental Organizations Coalition Meeting

Twubakane Program – IntraHealth International

Ntarama ◦ Church genocide site

Kigali Memorial Centre

Rwanda

Paul Jabo, Deputy-Mayor of the Gasabo District

Dr. Achour Ait Mohand, psychiatrist, Belgian technical cooperation

Mme. Claire Nancy Misago, director of National Mental Health program of psychosocial and mental health services

Dr. Eugene Rutembesa, Dean, Psychology, National University of Rwanda

Josephine Murebwayire, vice president, AVEGA, a woman survivors’ organization

Laura Hoemeker, Director of Twubakane, a USAID-funded health project in Rwanda

Highlights – People

TIG Camp

Patrice Mulama, Executive Secretary, High Council of the Press

Fatuma Ndangiza, Executive Secretary; and Antoine Rutayisire, vice-chair, National Unity and Reconciliation Commission

Dean Swerdlin, Twubakane Project (USAID/Intrahealth/RTI), who organized a meeting of Rwanda’s development partners, including the World Bank, IMF, USAID,

Karl Jean-Louis, Consultant at the Ministry of Justice

Francine Rutagengwa, Ministry of Local Government, and our very capable host

The Executive Secretary of the Ministry of Justice

Highlights – People (cont’d)

Challenges & Opportunities – Rwanda Government Decentralization University Linkages? Research

◦ Decentralization◦ Impact of Gacaca Process◦ Impact and Implementation of

Reconciliation and Unity Efforts◦ Implementation of Poverty

Reduction Strategy◦ “Building a National Framework

for the Psychosocial Rehabilitation & Reintegration of Ex-combatants”

◦ Legal and Judicial Reconstruction

City of Cape Town Kayamandi Township Guguleti Township

and Community Center

District 6 museum Robben Island Cape of Good Hope Table Mountain Western Cape

South Africa

District Six MuseumCape Town

Tyrone Savage, a lecturer at Stellenbosch University, who served as our principal expert of issues of post-conflict justice and reconciliation

Dineo Gaofhiwe, our very capable host

Glenda Wildshut, former TRC Commissioner and former director, Desmond Tutu Leadership Academy

Mills Soko, Senior Lecturer, UCT Graduate School of Business: “Economic Justice & Equity in the Reconciliation and Reconstruction Process

Nofuda Walaza, Post Traumatic Effects of Apartheid: Desmond Tutu Peace Trust

Carnita Ernest, Center for the study of violence and reconciliation

Highlights – People

J L Zwane Church and CenterGuguletu Township

Tyrone Savage & Dineo GaofhiweStellenbosch University

Centre for the Study of Violence & Reconciliation

Desmond Tutu Peace Centre University Linkages, Faculty-

Student Exchange, and Study Abroad, Internships

Research◦ Reconciliation Processes◦ “Black Empowerment” ◦ Community Development◦ Psychological Processes of

Empowerment◦ Long-term impact of

“apartheid trauma” on South Africans (all groups)

◦ Documenting The Movement

Challenges & Opportunities – South Africa

Definitions◦ Originating in 1960s America◦ Transformation of “individual”

oriented psychology◦ Emphasis on mental health

problems arising from social contexts

◦ Focus on prevention as opposed to treatment

◦ Focus on empowerment and community development

◦ Focus on a liberation psychology Conscientization Resistance to oppression Participatory Action Research Community-based Intervention Promote and incorporate indigenous

knowledge and practices

Community Psychology Dimensions

A Comprehensive and National Mental Health Strategy◦ Local Flexibility◦ Targeted to specific

groups/generations◦ Preventative◦ Treatment of existing

mental health problems E.g., Post Traumatic Stress

Maintain Liberatory Orientation

Maintain Focus on Political Struggle

Challenges

Uganda Rwanda South Africa

Regional Issues, Conflicts & Solutions

XXX XX X

Wealth & Development

XXX XXXX X

Structure and Capacity of Civil Society

XX XX X

National Framework for Psychosocial Healing & Reintegration

XXX XX X

Government Leadership

XXX X X

Private Leadership

Contrasts (X = the greater the problem)

Closing Thoughts