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non-enzymatic glycosylationEx
trace
llula
r env
ironm
ent
Intra
cellu
lar e
nviro
nmen
t
Metal binding proteins
Antioxidants
Transition metal ions, e.g. Fe++ Cu++ Zn++
:ROS + RNS
Microbes Radiation
Chemicals and other environmental factors
-ve
-ve
Oxidative Stress
Antioxidant Enzymes:SOD GPx Catalase GSH
and other co-factors, e.g. NADP+
-ve
Indirect repair: replacement of oxidised molecules
Direct repair: reduction of oxidised molecules
Oxidised LDL =+ circulating monocytes - resident macrophages+ foam cell formation
-ve
Oxidative Reactions
Antioxidant Reactions
Oxidatively Damaged Cell
Apoptosis
Necrosis
Protein cross-linking
DIET
-ve
Endothelial Cells
Endothelial damage (ED)DNA strand breaks / mutations
Oxidants
Key
DNA